"T2/FLAIR: symmetrically increased signal intensity 18"
"T1 C+ (Gd): contrast enhancement can also be seen in the same regions, most commonly of the mammillary bodies 4, typically in alcoholic Wernicke encephalopathy"
"DWI/ADC: restricted diffusion can also be seen in the same regions 4"
"SWI: petechial haemorrhage may seen as punctate regions of signal loss in the mammillary bodies 17"
"MR spectroscopy: may show decreased or normal NAA with the notable presence of lactate 4"
"Some advocate the use of the term alcoholic encephalopathy in an effort to avoid the eponym Wernicke encephalopathy. However, this does not take into account the many other, albeit less common, causes."
"Korsakoff syndrome, or Korsakoff psychosis, is sometimes referred to as the residual syndrome but only in the context of Wernicke encephalopathy 12."
"MR spectroscopy: may show decreased or normal NAA with the notable presence of lactate 4"
Expected headings
"Wernicke encephalopathy"
"Korsakoff syndrome"
"However, only a minority of patients will have all three features and some will have none 1,14. Additional, less common, symptoms include autonomic dysfunction (e.g. hypothermia), deafness, blindness, seizures, and other manifestations of thiamine deficiency (e.g. beriberi) 18."
"Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (alternate spellings of each name: Sergey, Sergeevich, and Korsakov), a Russian neuropsychiatrist (1854-1900), first described the chronic form of this disease in 1887 2,13,19."
"Wernicke encephalopathy is characterised by acute changes consisting of oedema, enhancement and even haemorrhage, necrosis in a distinctive distribution (see below). In Korsakoff syndrome, these progress to atrophy most marked in the mammillary bodies."
"Delayed, repeated or incompletely treated cases may progress to Korsakoff syndrome which is largely irreversible, representing damage to the aforementioned structures 18."
"History and etymology"