"Symptomatic DIPNECH predominantly occurs in women (90%) from middle age onwards, many of whom have never smoked 3,10. Asymptomatic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia can also be an incidental finding in lung specimens, more commonly when resection is performed for a peripheral carcinoid tumour, supporting the "pre-malignant" WHO classification. These conditions should not be confused with reactive neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia related to hypoxia (e.g. smoking, chronic lung disease, or living at high altitude) 12."
"Symptomatic DIPNECH predominantly occurs in women (90%) from middle age onwards, many of whom have never smoked 3,10. Asymptomatic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia can also be an incidental finding in lung specimens, more commonly when resection is performed for a peripheral carcinoid tumour, supporting the "pre-malignant" WHO classification. These conditions should not be confused with reactive neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia related to hypoxia (e.g. smoking, chronic lung disease, or living at high altitude) 12."
Expected headings
"Complications"
"DIPNECH also causes constrictive bronchiolitis due to fibrosis exacerbated by peptide secretion. Small airways are considered a “quiet area” of the lung; pulmonary function remains normal until the disease is advanced."
"Long-term surveillance is recommended; nodules tend to slowly increase in number and grow, and occasionally disseminated malignancy can occur 15. The optimum interval for surveillance has not been determined and depends on available histology; initial 3- or 6-month review followed by annual low-dose CT may suffice 10."
"Long-term surveillance is recommended; nodules tend to slowly increase in number and grow, and occasionally disseminated malignancy can occur 15. The optimum interval for surveillance has not been determined and depends on available histology; initial 3- or 6-month review followed by annual low-dose CT may suffice 10."
"scattered bronchocentric nodules (often >10) are typically well-demarcated, rounded and"
"Nodules may progress to malignancy with lymph node spread and metastases to the pleura, bone, liver and adrenal gland 15,17."