"post-epileptic seizure"
"post-coitus"
"post-exercise"
"Usually, there is a correlation between prolactin levels and the size of the prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. If the prolactin level is unexpectedly low given the size of the tumour, consider "hook effect", which is an artefact on some assays. Various techniques can be used to avoid this 12."
Expected headings
"Macroprolactin"
"Mechanisms"
"Physiological"
"Stalk-effect"
"Medications"
"True increased prolactin secretion"
"Others"
"Units"
"Normal range"
"Investigation for elevated prolactin"
"Elevated prolactin when a mass is present"
"Large mass but only modestly elevated prolactin"
"MRI interpretation"
"Historically, determining whether elevated levels of prolactin were due to monomeric prolactin (which is biologically active and suggests underlying abnormal secretion) or macroprolactin was challenging, time-consuming, expensive, and thus not widely available. However, cheap and fast methods have become available (e.g. polythene glycol precipitation), and more laboratories are now able to make this important clinical distinction 7,10."
"wide range of causes (stress, medications, hypothyroidism, liver or renal disease, pregnancy)"
"When due to dysfunction of the normal infundibular portal circulation, hyperprolactinaemia may be associated with other endocrinological abnormalities (e.g. hypothyroidism - Pickardt syndrome)."
"Similarly, dopamine antagonists (such as the antipsychotics haloperidol and chlorpromazine) as well as a long list of other drugs - including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-I) and some tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), and verapamil - can cause hyperprolactinaemia 1,11."