"Classification "
"In symptomatic renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia, in addition to antihypertensives (e.g. ACE inhibitors), angioplasty is the procedure of choice, with high long-term patency rates 18. A stent is generally not required unless angioplasty has been unsuccessful or if there is dissection 18. Surgical revascularisation is considered a last-resort 18."
"vasculitides: highly variable presentation, but there may be a specific pattern of arteries involved and atypical clinical and laboratory features (e.g. elevated ESR and fever) 18"
Expected headings
"Classification "
"CTA and MRA"
"Complications"
"internal carotid and vertebral artery involvement: causes transient ischaemic attack, ischaemic stroke, or dissection, leading to neurological signs and symptoms (e.g. headache (second most common clinical feature), pulsatile tinnitus, neck pain, dizziness, Horner syndrome, cervical bruit, etc.) 11,18"
"The exact cause of fibromuscular dysplasia is not known, but there may be genetic factors involved in its pathogenesis 18. Importantly, given the female predisposition, there is no link to oral contraception or other exogenous hormones, although female sex hormones are suspected to play a role in disease susceptibility 18. The underlying pathology is a fibrous or fibromuscular thickening of the arterial wall. Any layer of the vessel wall may be affected: intima, media or adventitia 18. Inflammatory cells are absent 1-4,7."
"arterial tortuosity (e.g. vascular loops, kinks, etc.)"