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"Glucose homoeostasis is very complex. The main action of glucagon is hyperglycaemic, achieved through hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon is secreted from α-cells of the pancreas when blood sugar levels decrease. Fundamentally it ensures that the supply of glucose to the brain is maintained ¹."

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"Unusually glucagon was named before it was discovered! In 1922 Banting et al. found that crude pancreatic extracts given to children with diabetes produced a short-lived elevation of the serum glucose before insulin's desired hypoglycaemic effect. It was postulated that an unknown substance, which they named glucagon, was responsible ³. It was only in 1955 that the polypeptide responsible was finally purified ¹."

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"Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone central to the regulation of glucose homoeostasis, acting as an antagonist to insulin. In imaging, it is used as an antiperistaltic agent in GI studies, although its clinical efficacy is controversial."

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"Insulin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and leptin are the main actors in inhibiting glucagon secretion."

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"Glucagon is used by some radiologists as an antiperistaltic agent to promote bowel distension in GI examinations, e.g. CT colonography, gastric emptying studies. However, evidence for its efficacy is lacking. A widely-cited study published in 1999 did not find any improvement in colonic distension with preprocedural administration of glucagon ⁴."

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"A 2005 head-to-head study comparing hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan^®) and glucagon found that hyoscine was a more effective agent ⁵. A head-to-head study in 2012 found that patients reported less discomfort with hyoscine, and again bowel distension was better, than with glucagon ⁶."

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