"TSH receptor antibodies (TSI, TGI, TBII): positive"
"TSH receptor antibodies (TSI, TGI, TBII): positive"
"TSH receptor antibodies (TSI, TGI, TBII): positive"
Expected headings
"Associations"
"Patients are thyrotoxic, with common symptoms being tremor, heat sensitivity, unexplained weight loss, anxiety, goitre, etc. 14. Extrathyroidal manifestations include:"
"Graves ophthalmopathy (orbitopathy): occurs in ~30%; severe in ~10% 20"
"hypervascular; may demonstrate a thyroid inferno pattern on colour Doppler 1"
"performed more commonly than iodine-123 scintigraphy; cheaper, more available, and faster imaging"
"Antithyroid medications (e.g. methimazole/carbimazole) are the first-line treatment and are generally given to achieve and maintain normal thyroid hormone. Dosage can then be gradually reduced until remission is achieved. Antithyroid medications are successful in approximately 50% of patients; however, some patients may not enter remission and may require chronic low-dose antithyroid medication 21."
"In patients with medication-resistant Graves disease, or those who do not want chronic antithyroid medication, ablative therapies such as radioactive iodine (iodine-131) or surgical thyroidectomy are available 14,15,21. Radioactive iodine is effective in 93% of patients and thyroidectomy in almost all patients; however, both have higher complication rates, including hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and new or worsening thyroid eye disease 21. Concern that radioactive iodine results in increased risk of thyroid cancer or other systemic cancers has been raised but remains controversial 14,21.+"
"There is a 10x increased relative risk of the following autoimmune diseases 16:"