"iatrogenic, e.g. thoracic or breast surgical procedures, ultrasound-guided or stereotactic biopsies, central venous catheters 13,14"
"Incidence rates of 0.5-0.8% have been reported; however, this reflects only the symptomatic population."
"The thoracoepigastric, lateral thoracic, and superior epigastric veins are most commonly involved, hence, Mondor disease is most commonly seen in the upper outer quadrant of the breast; the upper inner quadrants of the breasts are almost never involved 6."
"Otherwise, management is supportive, and routine anticoagulants, antibiotics or surgical intervention are not indicated due to the thrombophlebitis subsiding spontaneously and without complications, or persistent deformity. Systemic anticoagulants are occasionally given to high risk patients 8."