"Myocardial T1 lengthens at higher magnetic field strength3,8 and is also influenced by various physiological factors 4,8."
"Native T1 mapping has been applied to investigate most diffuse cardiac disorders as diffuse fibrosis, scar tissue, and inflammation that result in prolonged native myocardial T1 relaxation time1-6,9-14."
"Assessment of extracellular volume (ECV) is considered reasonable in patients getting an extracellular contrast agent1. Myocardial fibrosis can lead to an increase of ECV 1,4,13, as well as disorders affecting the myocardium such as cardiac amyloidosis or myocarditis. On the other hand, athlete's heart for example can lead to a decrease in extracellular volume (ECV) 1."
"Detailed recommendations for indications, utility and clinical implementation including imaging protocols, the use of reference ranges and reporting are given in a consensus statement by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) 1."
"Normal values of native T1 and T2 times differ depending on magnetic field strength (1,5 and 3 T), acquisition sequence (e.g. MOLLI, shMOLLI, SASHA, SAPPHIRE in case of T1-mapping and T2-SSFP, GraSE in case of T2-mapping). Because of variations between scanners, it is still recommended 1,2,11, that local reference ranges are primarily used, and if a local reference range is not available quantitative results should not be clinically reported 1,2."
"Normal values of native T1 and T2 times differ depending on magnetic field strength (1,5 and 3 T), acquisition sequence (e.g. MOLLI, shMOLLI, SASHA, SAPPHIRE in case of T1-mapping and T2-SSFP, GraSE in case of T2-mapping). Because of variations between scanners, it is still recommended 1,2,11, that local reference ranges are primarily used, and if a local reference range is not available quantitative results should not be clinically reported 1,2."
"Normal values of native T1 and T2 times differ depending on magnetic field strength (1,5 and 3 T), acquisition sequence (e.g. MOLLI, shMOLLI, SASHA, SAPPHIRE in case of T1-mapping and T2-SSFP, GraSE in case of T2-mapping). Because of variations between scanners, it is still recommended 1,2,11, that local reference ranges are primarily used, and if a local reference range is not available quantitative results should not be clinically reported 1,2."
"Myocardial T1 mapping"
"Native T1"
"Postcontrast T1"
"Myocardial T2 mapping"
"Myocardial T2* mapping"
"Normal values of native T1 and T2 times differ depending on magnetic field strength (1,5 and 3 T), acquisition sequence (e.g. MOLLI, shMOLLI, SASHA, SAPPHIRE in case of T1-mapping and T2-SSFP, GraSE in case of T2-mapping). Because of variations between scanners, it is still recommended 1,2,11, that local reference ranges are primarily used, and if a local reference range is not available quantitative results should not be clinically reported 1,2."
Expected headings
"Myocardial T1 mapping"
"Native T1"
"Postcontrast T1"
"Myocardial extracellular volume (ECV)"
"Myocardial T2 mapping"
"Myocardial T2* mapping"
"Cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting (cMRF)"
"There is proven clinical utility in a setting of myocarditis, amyloidosis 1,6, Anderson-Fabry disease 1,6 and iron deposition and potential clinical utility regarding many cardiac diseases such as cardiomyopathy, heart failure, congenital heart disease, myocardial ischaemia and infarction, transplant rejection athlete’s heart and cardiac masses 1,3,6."
"There is proven clinical utility in a setting of myocarditis, amyloidosis 1,6, Anderson-Fabry disease 1,6 and iron deposition and potential clinical utility regarding many cardiac diseases such as cardiomyopathy, heart failure, congenital heart disease, myocardial ischaemia and infarction, transplant rejection athlete’s heart and cardiac masses 1,3,6."
"Despite extensive research during the last 15 years, histopathological correlates of myocardial T1 values are still not completely elucidated 2. T1 mapping techniques have been studied as a key feature for the assessment of myocardial fibrosis 5,9,10,13,22. However, native T1 reflects changes in intracellular and extracellular compartments and is not only influenced by collagen, but also by protein, water (oedema), lipids and iron 1-6,9,10,22."
"Administration of gadolinium leads to a shortening of the T1 time. Postcontrast T1 can be measured and displayed on a map in equal measure. Since most gadolinium agents spread in the intravascular and interstitial compartments and not within the cells, a reduced post-contrast T1 value should either reflect an expansion of the interstitial space due to collagen (myocardial fibrosis), protein (amyloidosis) or access to the intracellular space (in case of myocardial oedema or cell membrane disruption e.g. necrosis, myocardial infarction) 1,2,6,9,10,14,22."
"Normal values of native T1 and T2 times differ depending on magnetic field strength (1,5 and 3 T), acquisition sequence (e.g. MOLLI, shMOLLI, SASHA, SAPPHIRE in case of T1-mapping and T2-SSFP, GraSE in case of T2-mapping). Because of variations between scanners, it is still recommended 1,2,11, that local reference ranges are primarily used, and if a local reference range is not available quantitative results should not be clinically reported 1,2."
"Normal values of native T1 and T2 times differ depending on magnetic field strength (1,5 and 3 T), acquisition sequence (e.g. MOLLI, shMOLLI, SASHA, SAPPHIRE in case of T1-mapping and T2-SSFP, GraSE in case of T2-mapping). Because of variations between scanners, it is still recommended 1,2,11, that local reference ranges are primarily used, and if a local reference range is not available quantitative results should not be clinically reported 1,2."
"Detailed recommendations for indications, utility and clinical implementation including imaging protocols, the use of reference ranges and reporting are given in a consensus statement by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) 1."
"The technique comprises the generation of a parametric map from a series of co-registered images with different T1, T2 or T2*relaxation times, depending on the mapping technique used. The T1, T2 or T2* values of the myocardium are tissue properties and are encoded in the respective pixels of the map. With the mapping technique, they can be compared to the spared healthy myocardium in focal disease or quantified and evaluated based on normal reference values in diffuse disease 1,5,22."
"The T1-map is generated at different degrees of longitudinal relaxation to receive a signal intensity vs time curve, from where T1 can be calculated. Similarly, T2 or T2*-maps are obtained from a signal intensity vs time curve based on different transverse relaxation times. Different acquisition methods for each T1 and T2 quantification exist 7-9,15-17."
"Extracellular volume (ECV) reflects the volume fraction that is not taken by cells. It combines interstitial and intravascular space and represents approximately 25% of the myocardial volume 6. If native and post-contrast T1 images are co-registered, quantified and adjusted for haematocrit, extracellular volume(ECV) can be calculated for a specific area or specific voxels 1,2. Likewise, an ECV map can be generated. For this purpose postcontrast T1 should be obtained during a slow continuous infusion or at least 15 min after bolus injection 6."
"Regarding T2*and iron overload, a 3-tier risk model (low, intermediate and high risk) has been recommended 1,25."