"normal filling patterns are predominantly systolic, with an S/D ratio > 1"
"a pathologic increase in mean left atrial pressure will reverse this pattern, resulting in an S/D ratio < 1 and a diastolic filling predominance"
"normally the peak of the AR wave is < 35 cm/s"
"the duration of the latter should only exceed the former by < 20 m/s, with greater discrepancies occurring with elevated filling pressures 3"
"Pulsed wave Doppler (PWD) of the right superior pulmonary vein, which one may insonate from an apical four-chamber view (A4C), will typically yield a waveform with three positive deflections (S1,S2,D) and one negative deflection (AR) 1."
"referred to as the AR wave, corresponding to atrial contraction and "reversal" of flowpositively correlated with inotropic function of the left atrium"
"While various pathological entities may disturb flow through the pulmonary veins, a series of predictable changes in the aforementioned waveforms occurs during the progression of diastolic dysfunction. A progressive increase in left atrial pressure will blunt the systolic flow velocities in the pulmonary veins, with the majority of forward flow increasingly occurring during diastole. The elevation in left ventricular end diastolic pressure, secondary to lusitropic incompetence, will exaggerate the flow reversal that occurs with atrial contraction, prolonging the AR wave 4."
"normally the peak of the AR wave is < 35 cm/s"
"the AR wave duration is typically examined in concert with the mitral inflow velocities"
"the transmitral A wave and the pulmonary venous AR wave should be roughly similar in length"
"atrial fibrillation on pulmonary venous Dopplerabolition of organised atrial contraction decreases the peak of the S1 wave and decreases the peak velocity of the AR wave"
"however, increased LVEDP imposes an afterload on the left atrium, shortening the duration of the transmitral A wave while simultaneously prolonging the duration of the pulmonary AR wave"
"increasing disparity between the AR duration and the A wave duration correlates with elevations in filling pressures"
"Pulsed wave Doppler"
Expected headings
"Pulsed wave Doppler"
"Pulsed wave Doppler (PWD) of the right superior pulmonary vein, which one may insonate from an apical four-chamber view (A4C), will typically yield a waveform with three positive deflections (S1,S2,D) and one negative deflection (AR) 1."