"In hereditary multiple exostoses, the risk of malignant transformation is higher than in solitary lesions, estimated at approximately 2–5% based on current population-level evidence, though older hospital-based series reported higher figures due to referral bias 25."
"If malignant transformation occurs (~1% in solitary osteochondromas and ~2-5% with hereditary multiple exostoses 25), then the resultant chondrosarcoma is usually of low grade (67-85% of cases), and surgery is usually curative (70-90%) 3,5. Limb-sparing wide local excision usually suffices. The features associated with sarcomatous transformation can be remembered by the mnemonic GLAD PAST 8:"
"If malignant transformation occurs (~1% in solitary osteochondromas and ~2-5% with hereditary multiple exostoses 25), then the resultant chondrosarcoma is usually of low grade (67-85% of cases), and surgery is usually curative (70-90%) 3,5. Limb-sparing wide local excision usually suffices. The features associated with sarcomatous transformation can be remembered by the mnemonic GLAD PAST 8:"
"AIIS avulsion injury"
"Osteochondromas are relatively common, accounting for 10-15% of all bone tumours and approximately 35% of all benign bone tumours 3. They develop in childhood, can grow during skeletal maturation, but once formed, regression or resolution is rare 15-17. Occurrence or progression after puberty is unusual 18. They are usually an asymptomatic incidental finding 1."
"ribs: rare location, but can have serious complications including spontaneous haemothorax, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic rupture, recurrent empyema, vascular and nerve impingement 13,14"
"ribs: rare location, but can have serious complications including spontaneous haemothorax, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic rupture, recurrent empyema, vascular and nerve impingement 13,14"
"An osteochondroma can be either sessile or pedunculated and is seen in the metaphyseal region, typically projecting away from the epiphysis. There is often associated a broadening of the metaphysis from which it arises. The cartilage cap is variable in appearance. It may be thin and difficult to identify, or thick with rings and arcs of calcification and irregular subchondral bone."
"During growth, osteochondromas demonstrate increased uptake on bone scans, but with time, they become no more active than normal bone. Presence of increased activity in adulthood should raise the possibility of a complication (e.g. fracture, malignancy)."