Expected headings
"Associations"
"There is total parenchymal fusion with no intervening septum giving the appearance of a pancake 5,7. Failure of ascent is often associated with retained arterial supply from the distal aorta and iliac arteries 8. The ureters are often short with a tortuous anterior course which can lead to kinking or compression however the bladder insertion is usually orthotopic 7. Rarely a single ureter drains a pancake kidney (reported in only four patients) 5."
"Imaging demonstrates the anomalous arterial and venous anatomy. Renal arteries are commonly multiple, arising from the distal aorta near the bifurcation and from the common and internal iliac arteries. Renal veins are also commonly multiple, draining to internal, external and common iliac veins and to the distal aorta. Assessment of vascular anantomy is important for surgical planning 12."