"Ethmoidal sinus fracture "
"Radiographic features "
"Presenting complaint is usually facial pain and in some instances deformity although facial swelling can make the assessment of sinus wall depression difficult. Specific clinical signs unique to sinuses are discussed below. Often other injuries (e.g. upper limb, cranial and thoracic) are present that may be more clinically impressive. As such imaging with CT is often the first time a paranasal sinus fracture is suspected 7."
"Waters projection for assessment of maxillary bone/sinus, orbit, zygomatic arch"
"Caldwell projection for assessment of frontal and ethmoid sinuses, orbit, frontozygomatic sutures"
Expected headings
"Anatomy and pathology"
"Maxillary sinus fracture"
"Frontal sinus fracture"
"Ethmoidal sinus fracture "
"Sphenoidal sinus fracture"
"Radiographic features "
"Plain radiograph"
"CT"
"Males in their 20-30s are the most common group to sustain facial trauma 2-5. The aetiology for facial trauma causing paranasal fractures varies geographically. In urban regions, assaults and motor vehicle accidents are the main reasons for facial trauma. By contrast, in rural regions, animal-related accidents are the main cause of facial trauma 4-6."
"Treatment is dictated by the complexity of facial fracture, sinus wall location and associated injuries. Conservative management can be an option for maxillary, frontal and ethmoid sinus fractures. For example, anterior wall of the frontal sinus is usually managed conservatively, by contrast, posterior wall of frontal sinus require surgery due to potential extension into intracranial space. Sphenoidal sinus fracture always requires surgery due to the presence of neurovascular structures in the sinus. There is a lack of evidence for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with basal skull fractures involving the paranasal sinuses 17."
"Treatment is dictated by the complexity of facial fracture, sinus wall location and associated injuries. Conservative management can be an option for maxillary, frontal and ethmoid sinus fractures. For example, anterior wall of the frontal sinus is usually managed conservatively, by contrast, posterior wall of frontal sinus require surgery due to potential extension into intracranial space. Sphenoidal sinus fracture always requires surgery due to the presence of neurovascular structures in the sinus. There is a lack of evidence for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with basal skull fractures involving the paranasal sinuses 17."