"Argyll Robertson pupil"
"Adie pupil"
"Hutchinson pupil"
"Marcus Gunn pupil"
Expected headings
"Fibrous layer"
"Vascular layer"
"Neural layer"
"Segments and chambers"
"Relations"
"Eye movements"
"Ultrasound"
"MRI"
"Hyaloid canal and artery"
"Sclera/cornea"
"Iris/pupil"
"Ciliary body/lens"
"Uvea"
"Choroid"
"Vitreous humour"
"Retina"
"Optic nerve and sheath"
"Vascular"
"The surface of the globe is made up of three layers, the outermost fibrous layer, the intermediate vascular layer, and the innermost neural layer. This trilaminar structure brings about a further subdivision of the eye into two major segments; the anterior segment, which contains aqueous humour, and the posterior segment, which contains the gel-like vitreous humour. Both of these substances allow diffusion of nutrients to adjacent structures and act to maintain the shape of the globe."
"the iris is a pigmented muscular structure located deep to the cornea, with radially arranged dilator pupillae muscles, and concentrically arranged sphincter pupillae muscles; these muscles dilate and constrict the pupils in response to sympathetic (from the long ciliary nerve, from the nasociliary nerve of CN V1), and parasympathetic nerve impulses (from CN III), respectively"
"the ciliary body is a muscular structure, with a globular medial aspect from which the zonule fibres originate, to tether to the lens; posterolaterally, the ciliary body is flattened and extends to the ora serrata 1, where it is continuous with the choroid, about halfway to the equator of the globe"
"The neural layer of the globe is made up of the retina, which extends over the insertion of the optic nerve, around the walls of the globe, deep to the choroid; to the ora serrata, where it fades. The retina is a multilayered structure:"
"the deepest layer is the melanin-rich retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), (from which it can be detached); the RPE continues to line the inner aspects of the uveal tract"
"the anterior segment of the eye is bounded by the cornea anteriorly and the lens posteriorly; the anterior segment is further divided into two chambers that communicate via the pupil"
"the anterior chamber, which lies between the cornea and the iris; the point at which they meet containing the drainage apparatus of the anterior segment, the canal of Schlemm"
"the posterior chamber, which lies between the iris and the lens; both of these areas are filled with aqueous humour"
"Variations in the size of the globe, as well as aberrant connections between the extraocular muscles have been described 4; variants such as these may bring about congenital refractive errors such as myopia and hyperopia, or may be incidental findings on imaging:"
"the cornea and iris appear as thin echogenic lines; with the anechoic aqueous humour intervening posteriorly on the cornea, and on either side of the iris 7"
"The fundus of the globe refers to the retina, optic disc, macula and fovea collectively, and hence funduscopy or fundoscopy are both acceptable alternative spellings."
"deep to this are layers of neuronal structures, including the pigment cells, rods and cones, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and ganglion cells, whose long axons extend from the retina, through the optic nerve, and ultimately to synapse at the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus 1"
"although the retina, choroid and sclera do not produce echoes, together these structures appear as a posteriorly concave surface, outside of which, an echogenic area extending from the cornea to the location of the optic disc 7"
"deep to this are layers of neuronal structures, including the pigment cells, rods and cones, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and ganglion cells, whose long axons extend from the retina, through the optic nerve, and ultimately to synapse at the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus 1"