"Clinical presentation "
Expected headings
"Clinical presentation "
"Associations"
"Complications"
"Complete unilateral or bilateral absence is usually asymptomatic or associated with benign palpitations; when the defect is smaller, the heart can herniate through the defect, and this may constrict the heart chambers, coronary arteries or major vessels. Symptomatic patients may present with fatigue, pain (especially non-exertional paroxysmal stabbing chest pain 6) or cardiac conduction abnormalities 9."