"Typical chest radiographic features include 2,4-6:"
"Echocardiography is useful for assessing the mitral valve area, jet velocity, pressure gradients, and the left ventricle 2,7. Various parameters are used in order to determine severity, such as 2,7:"
"Echocardiography is useful for assessing the mitral valve area, jet velocity, pressure gradients, and the left ventricle 2,7. Various parameters are used in order to determine severity, such as 2,7:"
"Additionally, the mitral valve anatomy can be assessed 7. One widely adopted echocardiographic scoring system for this is one that Wilkins et al. developed. In this system, four features of the mitral valve are identified, as follows 7:"
"left atrial myxoma (generally not considered 'true' mitral stenosis)"
"ball valve thrombus (generally not considered 'true' mitral stenosis)"
Expected headings
"ECG"
"Ultrasound: echocardiography"
"Dynamic CT imaging"
"Cine MRI"
"VEC-MRI"
"Complications"
"Patients with mitral stenosis characteristically present with progressive dyspnoea that is precipitated by sudden changes in heart rate, volume status or cardiac output (e.g. physical exertion, fever, emotional stress, anaemia, atrial fibrillation, pregnancy, etc.) 2,3. Clinical examination classically reveals a malar flush ('mitral facies') due to cutaneous vasoconstriction, and a mid-diastolic murmur that is heard on praecordial auscultation 2,3. Auscultation may also reveal an opening snap and a loud first heart sound 2,3."
"mass-effect from left atrial enlargement (e.g. Ortner syndrome, dysphagia megalatriensis)"
"pulmonary infections (e.g. pneumonia, bronchitis)"