"Having said this, in almost all cases, undisplaced fractures are treated conservatively, whereas operative open reduction and internal fixation (with a variety of intramedullary nails, plates and screws and K-wires) are reserved for displaced fractures 1. Hemi-arthroplasty is also an option especially for three and four-part fractures, where the risk of malunion and avascular necrosis are high 1."
"Regardless of the imaging performed, the number of displaced fragments should be assessed, to enable appropriate classification of the fracture (Neer classification or AO classification are most commonly used)."
"type C fractures (AO classification)"
"Proximal humeral fractures usually result from a fall on an outstretched arm. Indirect forces transmitted through the proximal humerus and shoulder cause most fractures. These forces may be compressive, tension, torsion or bending."
"The fracture is usually evident as a lucency and cortical breach with variable degrees of angulation, impaction and displacement."
"Having said this, in almost all cases, undisplaced fractures are treated conservatively, whereas operative open reduction and internal fixation (with a variety of intramedullary nails, plates and screws and K-wires) are reserved for displaced fractures 1. Hemi-arthroplasty is also an option especially for three and four-part fractures, where the risk of malunion and avascular necrosis are high 1."