"Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum (PA-IVS) is a subtype of pulmonary atresia that presents as cyanotic congenital heart disease."
"PA-IVS is the combination of obstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract from pulmonary valve atresia without a ventricular septal defect. Blood returns to the left heart via a patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect, and a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and or major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs) are required for pulmonary blood flow."
"pulmonary plethora may be present with large left-to-right shunts (via PDA or ASD)"
Expected headings
"Associations"