"Similarly to the rest of the colon, the vast majority of rectal tumours are adenocarcinomas (98%), with neuroendocrine tumours, lymphoma, GIST, and squamous cell carcinomas making up most of the remainder 2."
"Please refer to the article on rectal cancer staging for further details on how to apply and report the TNM staging on imaging."
"The mainstay of treatment is surgical excision, however preoperative down-staging with either radiotherapy alone (more common in Europe) or combined chemo-radiotherapy (more common in the US) is employed in T3 and/or N1 disease (see rectal cancer staging) 1."
"T stage"
"N (locoregional) stage"
"Depending on the stage at the time of resection local recurrence rates vary from 3-32% 1 with overall good 5-year survival in T1 and T2 tumours (85-100% and 70% respectively) 1,2,5. Some focal T1 lesions are candidates for transanal endoscopic microsurgery."
"Rectal cancer is generally considered a disease of the elderly, but the incidence of cases in patients under the age of 50 has been increasing. There is a slight male predilection, not seen in cancers of the rest of the large bowel."
"In addition to conventional adenocarcinomas, mucin-containing rectal cancers include primary mucinous adenocarcinoma 13, signet ring cell carcinoma 12 and mucinous degeneration arising after treatment of an initially non-mucinous tumour. These entities have distinct pathological, imaging and prognostic features; see mucin-containing rectal cancer."
"In addition to conventional adenocarcinomas, mucin-containing rectal cancers include primary mucinous adenocarcinoma 13, signet ring cell carcinoma 12 and mucinous degeneration arising after treatment of an initially non-mucinous tumour. These entities have distinct pathological, imaging and prognostic features; see mucin-containing rectal cancer."
"confirmation that the tumour is distal to the sigmoid take-off; this is the definition of the rectosigmoid junction and is identified by the point at which the bowel assumes a horizontal path on the sagittal images, moving away from the sacrum 14"
"Mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma and post-treatment mucinous degeneration have distinctive MRI appearances and specific limitations in response assessment; see mucin-containing rectal cancer."
"invading edge of tumour (e.g. x o'clock to y o'clock)"
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