"classic: 85%, infrequent mitoses; monotonous sheet of large cells with abundant cytoplasm and round hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli"
"anaplastic: 10%, ≥3 mitotic figures per high-power field"
"spermatocytic: 5%, older male patients above 60 years old, rarely metastasise; well-differentiated with cells resembling secondary spermatids"
"T2: hypointense to normal testicular tissue"
"T1 C+ (Gd): heterogeneous enhancement"
"DWI/ADC: restricted diffusion is seen (feature of malignant tumours)"
"Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality if a patient presents with a testicular abnormality. Ultrasound has a 92–98% sensitivity and specificity of 95–99.8% for testicular malignancy. Its sensitivity is nearly 100% when combined with the physical examination. Features include:"
"Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality if a patient presents with a testicular abnormality. Ultrasound has a 92–98% sensitivity and specificity of 95–99.8% for testicular malignancy. Its sensitivity is nearly 100% when combined with the physical examination. Features include:"
"Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality if a patient presents with a testicular abnormality. Ultrasound has a 92–98% sensitivity and specificity of 95–99.8% for testicular malignancy. Its sensitivity is nearly 100% when combined with the physical examination. Features include:"
"In some cases, ultrasound cannot confidently characterise the nature of a testicular lesion, and MRI may be a valuable alternative tool for problem-solving. MRI is highly accurate and superior to ultrasound in local staging of testicular tumours. MRI has a sensitivity of nearly 100%, specificity of 88%, PPV of 96.5%, NPV of 100%, and accuracy of 96.4% in differentiating benign tumours from malignant tumours. "
"Testicular germ cell tumours account for around 1-3% of all male malignancies in Western populations and are the most common non-haematological malignancy in males 15-49 years old. Approximately 50% of all germ cell tumours are seminomas. Several European countries (e.g. Denmark, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic) have the highest incidence rates for testicular cancer, and the incidence is on the rise, especially in young men 9."
"Seminoma, by definition, must be pure seminoma on histology and not associated with an elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). If either of these criteria is not met, the tumour must be classified as non-seminomatous and managed accordingly. Uncommonly (15%), b-HCG may be slightly elevated. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PALP) is a very specific tumour marker for seminoma, both as a serum marker and immunohistochemistry marker 10. Pure seminomas are subdivided into three histological subtypes:"
"Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality if a patient presents with a testicular abnormality. Ultrasound has a 92–98% sensitivity and specificity of 95–99.8% for testicular malignancy. Its sensitivity is nearly 100% when combined with the physical examination. Features include:"
"In some cases, ultrasound cannot confidently characterise the nature of a testicular lesion, and MRI may be a valuable alternative tool for problem-solving. MRI is highly accurate and superior to ultrasound in local staging of testicular tumours. MRI has a sensitivity of nearly 100%, specificity of 88%, PPV of 96.5%, NPV of 100%, and accuracy of 96.4% in differentiating benign tumours from malignant tumours. "
"In some cases, ultrasound cannot confidently characterise the nature of a testicular lesion, and MRI may be a valuable alternative tool for problem-solving. MRI is highly accurate and superior to ultrasound in local staging of testicular tumours. MRI has a sensitivity of nearly 100%, specificity of 88%, PPV of 96.5%, NPV of 100%, and accuracy of 96.4% in differentiating benign tumours from malignant tumours. "
"Seminoma, by definition, must be pure seminoma on histology and not associated with an elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). If either of these criteria is not met, the tumour must be classified as non-seminomatous and managed accordingly. Uncommonly (15%), b-HCG may be slightly elevated. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PALP) is a very specific tumour marker for seminoma, both as a serum marker and immunohistochemistry marker 10. Pure seminomas are subdivided into three histological subtypes:"
"On gross examination, seminomas are pale grey to yellow nodules that are uniform or slightly lobulated and often bulge from the cut surface. Tumour staging is via the TNM staging system (see testicular cancer staging)."
"In some cases, ultrasound cannot confidently characterise the nature of a testicular lesion, and MRI may be a valuable alternative tool for problem-solving. MRI is highly accurate and superior to ultrasound in local staging of testicular tumours. MRI has a sensitivity of nearly 100%, specificity of 88%, PPV of 96.5%, NPV of 100%, and accuracy of 96.4% in differentiating benign tumours from malignant tumours. "
"In some cases, ultrasound cannot confidently characterise the nature of a testicular lesion, and MRI may be a valuable alternative tool for problem-solving. MRI is highly accurate and superior to ultrasound in local staging of testicular tumours. MRI has a sensitivity of nearly 100%, specificity of 88%, PPV of 96.5%, NPV of 100%, and accuracy of 96.4% in differentiating benign tumours from malignant tumours. "
"Chemotherapy may be necessary if there is bulky para-aortic lymph node involvement or more distant disease. Four cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) are the standard of care."
"Testicular seminomas are a type of germ cell tumour and the most common testicular tumour, accounting for ~45% of all primary testicular tumours. This article concerns only testicular seminomas; however, seminomas can arise outside of the testis, most often within the anterior mediastinum (see article on anterior mediastinal germ cell tumours)."
"classic: 85%, infrequent mitoses; monotonous sheet of large cells with abundant cytoplasm and round hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli"
"spermatocytic: 5%, older male patients above 60 years old, rarely metastasise; well-differentiated with cells resembling secondary spermatids"
"Testicular germ cell tumours account for around 1-3% of all male malignancies in Western populations and are the most common non-haematological malignancy in males 15-49 years old. Approximately 50% of all germ cell tumours are seminomas. Several European countries (e.g. Denmark, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic) have the highest incidence rates for testicular cancer, and the incidence is on the rise, especially in young men 9."
"Prognosis is good for all stages with greater than 90% cure rate. Survivors have an increased lifetime risk of developing other malignancies, including testicular cancer in the remaining testis, mesothelioma, and cancer of the lung, colon, bladder, pancreas, and stomach."