"Ultrasound "
Expected headings
"Ultrasound "
"cutaneous stigmata of spinal dysraphism (e.g. hairy patch, dimple, subcutaneous lipoma)"
"Thus, the most common causes of tethered cord syndrome are the closed spinal dysraphisms in the spectrum of spinal lipomas (lipomyelomeningocele, conus lipoma, and filar lipoma) and the tight filum terminale (with or without filar lipoma) 10,12-14. Other causes include arachnoid adhesions (due to trauma/surgery or infection/inflammation), split cord malformation (diastematomyelia and diplomyelia), dermal sinus tracts, and dermoid/epidermoid tumours 10,14."
"Classifications of aetiologies as "primary" or "secondary" tethered cord syndrome are heterogeneous and conflicting in the literature. For instance, primary tethered cord syndrome may refer to all congenital causes in general, closed spinal dysraphisms as a group, or tight filum terminale in particular 3,8,9,15,17. Without a consensus nomenclature, these terms are best avoided."
"History and etymology"