Radiopaedia Helpers

Adjectival Hyphens

error

"bacterial pneumonia post-influenza"

Line 12:28 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-influenza'.

En Dash

error

"desquamation occurs 1–2 weeks after symptoms first appear"

Line 55:29 · Use a hyphen-minus ('-') instead of an en-dash ('–').

Emphasis

warning

"Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a severe bacterial toxin-mediated condition, characterised by an initial soft tissue infection that rapidly progresses to systemic disease and circulatory collapse ⁵. It is due to a Gram-positive infection, most frequently Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes ^1,2."

Line 1:302 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes '

"All cases of toxic shock syndrome are produced by Gram-positive bacteria, the most commonly implicated being Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci)."

Line 67:113 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes '

"However, similar presentations have been seen in those with group B (S. agalactiae), C (S. equis), and G (S. dysgalactiae) streptococcal infections. Rarely, Clostridium species-related toxic shock syndrome has been reported (e.g. C. perfringens, C. sordellii) ^1,3-5."

Line 68:73 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'S. agalactiae), C (S. equis), and G (S. dysgalactiae) streptococcal infections. Rarely, Clostridium species-related toxic shock syndrome has been reported (e.g. C. perfringens, C. sordellii'

"Unfortunately, in early disease, the radiological findings may create a false sense of security due to their apparently benign appearance. Soft tissue inflammation may initially be mild, no abscesses might be evident, and no gas may be seen. In fact, S. pyogenes is not a gas-forming organism. Indeed, in the early phase of fasciitis, there may be a clear lack of concordance between the imaging and surgical presentation in some cases ⁵."

Line 83:255 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'S. pyogenes '

Ranges

warning

"Mortality rates vary widely, 5-22% for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, and from 30-70% for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome ^1,2."

Line 4:91 · Don't add words such as 'from' or 'between' to describe a range of numbers.

Strong

warning

"Commonly"

Line 15:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'Commonly'

"Less commonly"

Line 21:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'Less commonly'

Acronyms

warning

"staphylococci: toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), enterotoxins B and C"

Line 72:53 · 'TSST' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"The toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) also has deleterious effects on the vasculature, with marked capillary leakiness, fluid shifts and hypotension."

Line 76:38 · 'TSST' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"Most cases of menstruation-related toxic shock syndrome are secondary to the release of TSST-1. For non-menstrual-related presentations, the toxic shock syndrome toxin is implicated in only half the cases, with enterotoxins responsible for the other 50% ²."

Line 77:92 · 'TSST' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

List Caps

warning

"Rocky Mountain spotted fever"

Line 94:11 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

Headings Valid

warning

Expected headings

H1 Terminology
H1 Usage
H1 Epidemiology
H2 Risk factors
H2 Associations
H1 Clinical presentation
H2 Complications
H1 Diagnosis
H2 Diagnostic criteria
H2 Diagnostic clues
H1 Pathology
H2 Aetiology
H2 Location
H2 Classification
H2 Macroscopic appearance
H2 Microscopic appearance
H2 Immunophenotype
H2 Markers
H2 Genetics
H1 Radiographic features
H2 Plain radiograph
H2 Mammography
H2 Antenatal ultrasound
H2 Transoesophageal echocardiography
H2 Ultrasound
H2 CT
H3 Dual-energy CT
H2 Angiography (DSA)
H2 MRI
H2 CT/MRI
H2 Nuclear medicine
H3 PET-CT
H3 PET-MRI
H1 Radiology report
H1 Treatment and prognosis
H2 Complications
H1 History and etymology
H1 Differential diagnosis
H2 Clinical differential diagnosis
H1 Practical points
H1 See also

"Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome"

Line 6:1 · "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome"

Line 14:1 · "Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Skin manifestations"

Line 49:1 · "Skin manifestations" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Pathogenesis"

Line 69:1 · "Pathogenesis" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

Commas

suggestion

"Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome is the most common form, with an annual incidence of 0.5 cases per 100,000 population, with a slightly lower incidence of the second commonest form, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, estimated at 0.4/100,000 ¹."

Line 3:63 · More than 5 commas in a single sentence might make it more difficult to read.

Parentheses

suggestion

"However, similar presentations have been seen in those with group B (S. agalactiae), C (S. equis), and G (S. dysgalactiae) streptococcal infections. Rarely, Clostridium species-related toxic shock syndrome has been reported (e.g. C. perfringens, C. sordellii) ^1,3-5."

Line 68:72 · Use parentheses judiciously. There are at least 3 sets in this paragraph.

Oxford Comma

suggestion

"Superantigens bypass normal immune system mechanisms of antigen presentation and hyperstimulate clonal T cells by cross-linking major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells to T-cell receptors (TCRs) ². Consequently, a massive release of cytokines, including gamma interferon, interleukins and tumour necrosis factors, creates a so-called cytokine storm."

Line 75:321 · Use the Oxford comma in 'interferon, interleukins and tumour'.

Lint: toxic-shock-syndrome