Radiopaedia Helpers

Headings Spacing

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"Pathology "

Line 23:1 · Never put spaces at either end of headings.

Emphasis

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"West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus and one of the Flavivirus genus known to cause neuroinvasive disease, including Flavivirus encephalitis. According to the CDC, the majority of mosquito-borne disease in the continental United States is attributed to West Nile virus infection ¹."

Line 1:91 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'Flavivirus genus known to cause neuroinvasive disease, including <a>Flavivirus'

"West Nile virus is a single-stranded RNA of the genus Flavirirus and family Flaviviridae. Birds are the host organism and mosquitos, via their salivary glands, the vector of disease transmission."

Line 24:58 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'Flavirirus and family Flaviviridae'

"Infection by one of the pathogenic members of the Flavivirus genus may present similarly, including:"

Line 50:54 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'Flavivirus '

Acronyms

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"Epidemics have occurred along the migratory routes of birds in the US, Europe, Africa, the Middle East and West Asia ². In history, frequency and severity of West Nile virus outbreaks are increasing ³. Of note, West Nile virus is implicated in the majority of viral encephalitis cases in the US ⁵."

Line 3:71 · 'US' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"Epidemics have occurred along the migratory routes of birds in the US, Europe, Africa, the Middle East and West Asia ². In history, frequency and severity of West Nile virus outbreaks are increasing ³. Of note, West Nile virus is implicated in the majority of viral encephalitis cases in the US ⁵."

Line 3:318 · 'US' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"West Nile virus is a single-stranded RNA of the genus Flavirirus and family Flaviviridae. Birds are the host organism and mosquitos, via their salivary glands, the vector of disease transmission."

Line 24:41 · 'RNA' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

List Caps

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"Japanese encephalitis virus (Asia)"

Line 52:11 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Murray Valley encephalitis (Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea)"

Line 54:11 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"St Louis encephalitis virus (United States of America)"

Line 55:11 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Rocio virus (Brazil)"

Line 56:11 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Powassan virus (United States of America)"

Line 57:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

Headings Valid

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Expected headings

H1 Terminology
H1 Usage
H1 Epidemiology
H2 Risk factors
H2 Associations
H1 Clinical presentation
H2 Complications
H1 Diagnosis
H2 Diagnostic criteria
H2 Diagnostic clues
H1 Pathology
H2 Aetiology
H2 Location
H2 Classification
H2 Macroscopic appearance
H2 Microscopic appearance
H2 Immunophenotype
H2 Markers
H2 Genetics
H1 Radiographic features
H2 Plain radiograph
H2 Mammography
H2 Antenatal ultrasound
H2 Transoesophageal echocardiography
H2 Ultrasound
H2 CT
H3 Dual-energy CT
H2 Angiography (DSA)
H2 MRI
H2 CT/MRI
H2 Nuclear medicine
H3 PET-CT
H3 PET-MRI
H1 Radiology report
H1 Treatment and prognosis
H2 Complications
H1 History and etymology
H1 Differential diagnosis
H2 Clinical differential diagnosis
H1 Practical points
H1 See also

"Pathology "

Line 23:1 · "Pathology " is not a recognised heading for this article type.

Oxford Comma

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"Epidemics have occurred along the migratory routes of birds in the US, Europe, Africa, the Middle East and West Asia ². In history, frequency and severity of West Nile virus outbreaks are increasing ³. Of note, West Nile virus is implicated in the majority of viral encephalitis cases in the US ⁵."

Line 3:138 · Use the Oxford comma in 'history, frequency and severity'.

"encephalitis, bowel and bladder dysfunction often occur in conjunction"

Line 12:8 · Use the Oxford comma in 'encephalitis, bowel and bladder'.

"encephalitis, meningitis or encephalomeningitis"

Line 18:4 · Use the Oxford comma in 'encephalitis, meningitis or encephalomeningitis'.

"presenting symptoms including headache, neck stiffness, somnolence, coma, movement disorder, confusion and seizures ^3,4"

Line 19:95 · Use the Oxford comma in 'disorder, confusion and seizures'.

Commas

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"Presentation varies with the severity of response to West Nile virus infection. The majority will remain asymptomatic. Approximately 20% will develop classical symptoms of a viral fever - or West Nile fever in this case - including fever, malaise, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain, maculopapular rash and lymphadenopathy ^3,4."

Line 5:248 · More than 5 commas in a single sentence might make it more difficult to read.

"presenting symptoms including headache, neck stiffness, somnolence, coma, movement disorder, confusion and seizures ^3,4"

Line 19:50 · More than 5 commas in a single sentence might make it more difficult to read.

Semicolons

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"hyperintensity within deep brain structures, including the thalami, basal ganglia and midbrain structures ⁵; the latter includes the red nucleus, cerebral peduncle and substantia nigra"

Line 31:126 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"Strategies to limit infection at an individual level include wearing protective clothing, using mosquito repellent and staying indoors during peak vector activity periods; while strategies at a population level include coordinated mosquito surveillance programs and insecticide treatments ^8,9."

Line 45:174 · Use semicolons judiciously.

There Is

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"Treatment is supportive. There are no vaccines against the West Nile virus that are approved for use in humans ^7,8."

Line 44:29 · Don't start a sentence with 'There are'.

Lint: west-nile-fever