"DPPX (dipeptidyl-peptidase–like protein 6) antibodies 16,21"
"SEZ6L2 (seizure-related 6 homolog like 2) antibodies: cerebellar ataxia 19"
"Furthermore, there is heterogeneity in the description of antibodies. This article will describe antibodies as "X antibody" (e.g. NMDAR antibody), which is synonymous with "anti-X" (e.g. anti-NMDAR), but both are equally correct."
"Furthermore, there is heterogeneity in the description of antibodies. This article will describe antibodies as "X antibody" (e.g. NMDAR antibody), which is synonymous with "anti-X" (e.g. anti-NMDAR), but both are equally correct."
"Overall, the most common encephalitis with antibodies to intracellular antigens is Hu antibody encephalitis 7,48. The most common encephalitis with antibodies to cell surface antigens is LGI1 antibody encephalitis, followed by NMDAR antibody encephalitis, although these two encephalitides are prevalent across different population demographics 43,44. Indeed, NMDAR antibody encephalitis is more common in young females, while LGI1 antibody encephalitis is more common in older males 44."
"Overall, the most common encephalitis with antibodies to intracellular antigens is Hu antibody encephalitis 7,48. The most common encephalitis with antibodies to cell surface antigens is LGI1 antibody encephalitis, followed by NMDAR antibody encephalitis, although these two encephalitides are prevalent across different population demographics 43,44. Indeed, NMDAR antibody encephalitis is more common in young females, while LGI1 antibody encephalitis is more common in older males 44."
"As a general rule, antibodies targeted to intracellular antigens are more frequently associated with an underlying tumour, and specific antibodies tend to have specific tumour associations 9. However, there are exceptions, such as GAD65 antibodies and GFAP antibodies being intracellular and usually not associated with malignancy 48."
"Hu (ANNA-1) antibodies 21,50"
"Ma (Ta/PNMA) antibodies 21"
"Ri (ANNA-2) antibodies 21"
"Yo (PCA-1) antibodies 21"
"ANNA-3 antibodies: limbic encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, cerebellar degeneration 21"
"PCA-2 (Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 2) (MAP1B) antibodies: cerebellar ataxia, limbic encephalitis, neuropathy 24"
"GABAAR (gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor) antibodies 21,46"
"GABABR (gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor) antibodies 21"
"AMPAR (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor) antibodies 21"
"IgLON5 (immunoglobulin LSAMP, OBCAM, neurotrimin 5) antibodies 17,21"
"GABAAR antibody encephalitis: multifocal cortical and subcortical hyperintensities 46"
"herpes simplex encephalitis (HSVE) and other infective encephalitides"
"HSVE has an acute rather than subacute clinical presentation, often with a dramatic time course"
"fever is common and psychiatric symptoms are uncommon in HSVE"
"in HSVE, the basal ganglia are typically spared and haemorrhage is more common"
"Additionally, it should be noted that many patients, possibly up to 50%, may be suspected of having autoimmune encephalitis and do not have an antibody found, these patients are described as having seronegative autoimmune encephalitis 49."
"Additionally, it should be noted that many patients, possibly up to 50%, may be suspected of having autoimmune encephalitis and do not have an antibody found, these patients are described as having seronegative autoimmune encephalitis 49."
"Hu (ANNA-1) antibodies 21,50"
"Ri (ANNA-2) antibodies 21"
"Yo (PCA-1) antibodies 21"
"Tr (DNER) antibodies 21"
"Zic4 antibodies 14"
"Homer-3 antibodies: cerebellar ataxia 23"
"GlyR (glycine receptor) antibodies 21"
"IgLON5 (immunoglobulin LSAMP, OBCAM, neurotrimin 5) antibodies 17,21"
"GluR3 (glutamate receptor 3) antibodies: Rasmussen encephalitis 22"
"Although less characteristic, and not inclusive of the definition of a limbic encephalitis, essentially any part of the central nervous system can be involved in autoimmune encephalitis 9. This is particularly important in autoimmune encephalitides which are not presenting with the classic limbic encephalitis phenotype whereby then extra-limbic radiological manifestations may be more commonplace (e.g. myelitis, cerebellar degeneration, etc.)."
"Several autoimmune encephalitides may have distinct extra-limbic MRI appearances 48, for example:"
Expected headings
"Intracellular antibodies"
"Cell surface antibodies"
"There is heterogeneity in how the term "limbic encephalitis" is used. Most authors limit the term to a clinicoradiological phenotype of autoimmune encephalitis, including both paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic causes. Some, however, include viral encephalitides under the broad term limbic encephalitis. This article will restrict the term to autoimmune encephalitis."
"There are a myriad of potential tumour associations, including 21:"
"psychiatric symptoms (e.g. psychosis, depression)"
"focal neurological deficits (e.g. cerebellar ataxia, signs localising to the brainstem)"
"ovarian tumours (e.g. ovarian carcinoma and ovarian teratoma)"
"haematological malignancies (e.g. Hodgkin lymphoma)"
"Although less characteristic, and not inclusive of the definition of a limbic encephalitis, essentially any part of the central nervous system can be involved in autoimmune encephalitis 9. This is particularly important in autoimmune encephalitides which are not presenting with the classic limbic encephalitis phenotype whereby then extra-limbic radiological manifestations may be more commonplace (e.g. myelitis, cerebellar degeneration, etc.)."
"encephalopathy with hyperekplexia, myoclonus, tremor (similar syndrome to PERM); often has a prodrome of gastrointestinal upset and weight loss"
"In patients with underlying malignancy, treatment of this underlying malignancy is important. Otherwise, management is predominantly with immunosuppression, with options including high-dose glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab 11,12. Symptomatic management (e.g. of seizures with antiseizure medications) and neurological rehabilitation are also important aspects of therapy 11."