"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy refers to a specific neuropathological diagnosis, often made post-mortem 10. Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome refers to the clinical syndrome presumed to be associated with these neuropathological changes 10, although the diagnostic accuracy of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome criteria in predicting chronic traumatic encephalopathy is poor 11. Thus, the two entities should not be considered synonymous."
"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy refers to a specific neuropathological diagnosis, often made post-mortem 10. Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome refers to the clinical syndrome presumed to be associated with these neuropathological changes 10, although the diagnostic accuracy of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome criteria in predicting chronic traumatic encephalopathy is poor 11. Thus, the two entities should not be considered synonymous."
"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is characterised by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and TDP-43 binding protein in subcortical and perivascular regions, often with reactive astrocytes and microglia 7."
"The exact incidence and prevalence are unknown. It is most commonly seen in amateur and professional contact/collision sports players where repetitive head injury, both concussive and subconcussive, is common (e.g. boxing, American football, Australian football, rugby, ice hockey), as well as in military personnel exposed to explosive blasts and victims of domestic violence 1,3,10."
"Symptoms have an insidious onset, most often years after the initial injuries, with loss of attention/concentration and episodic memory 10. This can progress, in some cases in 2-3 years, to include motor symptoms such as impaired gait (including parkinsonism), impaired executive function, neurobehavioural dysregulation, lack of insight, and poor judgement 1,2,4,10."
"There is generalised cerebral atrophy with more pronounced atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes (including mesial temporal lobe) as well as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and mammillary bodies. A cavum septum pellucidum may be present 2."
"There is clinical and imaging overlap of chronic traumatic encephalopathy with other neurodegenerative diseases. Traumatic brain injury is a risk factor for their development (i.e. not just chronic traumatic encephalopathy) and should be considered in the differential diagnosis 5,6:"
"features of diffuse axonal injury (e.g. microhaemorrhages)"