Radiopaedia Helpers

contrast-enhanced-ultrasound-2

List Caps

warning

"Levovist (Bayer AG) ¹³"

Line 33:15 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Definity/Luminity (Lantheus Medical Imaging)"

Line 38:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Optison (GE Healthcare)"

Line 39:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Sonazoid (GE Healthcare)"

Line 40:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Lumason/SonoVue (Bracco)"

Line 41:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

Acronyms

warning

"Levovist (Bayer AG) ¹³"

Line 33:35 · 'AG' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"Optison (GE Healthcare)"

Line 39:17 · 'GE' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"Sonazoid (GE Healthcare)"

Line 40:18 · 'GE' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"In comparison Sonazoid is taken up by Kupffer cells of the liver due to its hydrogenated egg phosphatidylserine sodium coating, leading to persistent contrast enhancement of the liver in the postvascular phase. As metastases to the liver do not contain Kupffer cells, Sonazoid-enhanced US could improve detection and characterisation by demonstrating late-phase hypoenhancement. It can also aid detection of liver tumours such as hepatocellular cancer which typically demonstrates early vascular phase hyperenhancement, whilst the absence of postvascular phase iso/hyperenhancement is a strong indicator of malignant transformation. Thus, Sonazoid could improve differentiation of e.g. regenerative and dysplastic nodules in a cirrhotic liver from early phase hepatocellular carcinomas. As of 2020, Sonazoid is only approved for clinical use in a select few countries ¹¹."

Line 44:290 · 'US' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

EG List And

warning

"The microbubbles used for contrast-enhanced ultrasound are sensitive to insonation, and as a consequence can easily be depleted by overscanning during the arterial and portal phase, potentially jeopardizing the detection of e.g. late phase wash-out. This feature can be however also exploited by deliberately destructing them using a single ultrasound pulse with a very high mechanical index, commonly termed "flash" ⁸. Such an option is nowadays available in most contrast-enhanced ultrasound-capable scanners and allows for the evaluation of slower, e.g. venous phase, contrast refill/reperfusion of a lesion or tissue (termed flash-replenishment technique ⁹), it can also be used to clear residual contrast signal from the area of interest before a contrast reinjection."

Line 47:574 · An e.g. list gives selected examples, so it should not end with 'and' or 'or': 'e.g. venous phase, contrast refill/reperfusion of a lesion or'.

Headings Valid

warning

Expected headings