Radiopaedia Helpers

Adjectival Hyphens

error

"post-renal transplant ³¹"

Line 13:8 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-renal'.

List Caps

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"Xp11.2 translocation: subtype predominantly seen in young patients, comprises a third of paediatric renal cell carcinomas ³⁴"

Line 25:11 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

Acronyms

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"Imaging is essential in accurately staging renal cell carcinomas (see renal cell carcinoma staging (TNM) and Robson staging system) and in operative planning."

Line 103:107 · 'TNM' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

Ranges

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"On non-contrast CT, lesions are of soft tissue attenuation between 20-70 HU ^23,24. Larger lesions frequently have areas of necrosis. Approximately 30% demonstrate some calcification ⁷."

Line 110:63 · Don't add words such as 'from' or 'between' to describe a range of numbers.

Headings Valid

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Expected headings

H1 Terminology
H1 Usage
H1 Epidemiology
H2 Risk factors
H2 Associations
H1 Clinical presentation
H2 Complications
H1 Diagnosis
H2 Diagnostic criteria
H2 Diagnostic clues
H1 Pathology
H2 Aetiology
H2 Location
H2 Classification
H2 Macroscopic appearance
H2 Microscopic appearance
H2 Immunophenotype
H2 Markers
H2 Genetics
H1 Radiographic features
H2 Plain radiograph
H2 Mammography
H2 Antenatal ultrasound
H2 Transoesophageal echocardiography
H2 Ultrasound
H2 CT
H3 Dual-energy CT
H2 Angiography (DSA)
H2 MRI
H2 CT/MRI
H2 Nuclear medicine
H3 PET-CT
H3 PET-MRI
H1 Radiology report
H1 Treatment and prognosis
H2 Complications
H1 History and etymology
H1 Differential diagnosis
H2 Clinical differential diagnosis
H1 Practical points
H1 See also

"Paraneoplastic syndromes"

Line 35:1 · "Paraneoplastic syndromes" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Grading"

Line 100:1 · "Grading" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"FDG-PET"

Line 133:1 · "FDG-PET" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

Semicolons

suggestion

"von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: greater tendency for bilateral renal cell carcinomas as well as a presentation at a younger age; clear cell subtype"

Line 19:138 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: often bilateral; chromophobe subtype"

Line 21:55 · Use semicolons judiciously.

Oxford Comma

suggestion

"type II: inherited, bilateral and multifocal"

Line 65:17 · Use the Oxford comma in 'inherited, bilateral and multifocal'.

"Treatment of renal cell carcinomas is usually with radical nephrectomy if feasible. However, in elderly patients or those with co-morbidities, and especially those with smaller tumours suggestive of papillary histology (see MRI findings above), organ-sparing treatment can be entertained. This ranges from adrenal sparing nephrectomy to partial nephrectomy, performed either open or laparoscopically. Additionally, percutaneous radiofrequency, chemical or cryoablation (typically under CT guidance), which can be carried out with only local anaesthetic and sedation, has been introduced in selected cases ¹¹."

Line 136:435 · Use the Oxford comma in 'radiofrequency, chemical or cryoablation'.

Commas

suggestion

"Approximately one-third of newly diagnosed cases of renal cell carcinomas have metastatic disease at the time of initial presentation (synchronous metastases) ³⁰. The most common sites of metastasis are, in order, the lungs, bones, lymph nodes, liver, adrenals, and brain ²⁵."

Line 146:217 · More than 5 commas in a single sentence might make it more difficult to read.

Links

renal-tumour