"Crohn's disease is thought to result from an abnormal immune response against intestinal mucosa in genetically susceptible people, with contributing environmental and gut microbiota factors 1."
"On pulsed-wave Doppler evaluation, increased superior mesenteric artery (SMA) flow volume and decreased SMA resistive index (SMA RI) also correlate with disease activity. Successful treatment may result in the normalisation on Colour flow Doppler 10."
"decreased peristalsis: coronal cine MRI sequences (bSSFP) can be useful in diagnosis, as inflamed loops of bowel frequently demonstrate decreased peristalsis"
"TNF-alpha inhibitors (e.g. infliximab, adalimumab)"
"JAK inhibitors (e.g. upadacitinib)"
"NSAID-associated enteropathy 1"
"MR enterography (MRE)"
"increased risk of numerous gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal malignancies, including:"
Expected headings
"Associations"
"Fluoroscopy"
"CT enterography"
"MR enterography (MRE)"
"MRI pelvis"
"Complications"
"The diagnosis is typically made in the second to fourth decades, with a second peak at 50 to 60 years 1,4. There is no gender predilection 1,4. There is a higher incidence rate in developed countries (vs developing countries) and urban areas (vs rural areas) 1."
"The diagnosis is typically made in the second to fourth decades, with a second peak at 50 to 60 years 1,4. There is no gender predilection 1,4. There is a higher incidence rate in developed countries (vs developing countries) and urban areas (vs rural areas) 1."
"hepatic, e.g. autoimmune hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic abscess 7, portal vein thrombosis (rare, yet higher than the general population), fatty infiltration of the liver (steroid therapy, hyperalimentation)"
"Findings suggestive of oral cavity and oesophageal involvement in patients with known Crohn disease include mucogingivitis, mucosal tags, deep ulcerations, cobblestoning, lip swelling, pyostomatitis vegetans, and oesophageal ulcers and strictures 37."
"mucosal ulcers: aphthous initially, progressing to deep, longitudinal, and transverse ulcers, with cobblestone appearance when severe; may lead to sinus tracts, fistulae, and rose-thorn ulcers"
"renal tract, e.g. oxalate-containing renal calculi (reduced fat absorption leaves less calcium available to bind oxalate in the bowel, increasing colonic oxalate resorption; patients with an ileostomy are not at the same increased risk); ileoureteral or ileovesical fistula 27"
"renal tract, e.g. oxalate-containing renal calculi (reduced fat absorption leaves less calcium available to bind oxalate in the bowel, increasing colonic oxalate resorption; patients with an ileostomy are not at the same increased risk); ileoureteral or ileovesical fistula 27"
"small bowel: 70-80% 4,5; the terminal ileum is usually affected first 28"
"mucosal ulcers: aphthous initially, progressing to deep, longitudinal, and transverse ulcers, with cobblestone appearance when severe; may lead to sinus tracts, fistulae, and rose-thorn ulcers"
"affected bowel loops separated by focal/regionally increased fat (fibrofatty proliferation; creeping fat)"
"stricture: focal narrowing of the lumen with immediate upstream bowel dilatation ≥3 cm; bear in mind that sometimes the upstream loop is not dilated to size criterion due to decompression by a fistula/penetrating disease or limited bowel content inflow in the setting of two or more consecutive stricture segments 36"
"Initially, the disease is limited to the mucosa with neutrophilic cryptitis and lymphoid hyperplasia, lymphoedema and shallow aphthoid ulceration. As the disease progresses, the entire bowel wall becomes involved, with linear longitudinal and circumferential ulcers extending deep into the bowel wall, predisposing to fistulae. Inflammation also extends into the mesentery and over time leads to chronic fibrotic change and stricture formation 4."
"on control films, look for radiodense gallstones, renal oxalate stones, and musculoskeletal manifestations (e.g. sacroiliitis)"
"enteral release (e.g. budesonide) or systemic corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone)"
"immunomodulation (e.g. thiopurines)"
"non-biological immunosuppression (e.g. methotrexate)"
"TNF-alpha inhibitors (e.g. infliximab, adalimumab)"
"integrin inhibitor (e.g. vedolizumab)"
"IL-12/IL-23 inhibitors (e.g. ustekinumab, risankizumab)"
"JAK inhibitors (e.g. upadacitinib)"