"mucosal ulcers become undermined (button-shaped ulcers); once most of the mucosa is lost, small islands of residual mucosa may elongate into thin, worm-like structures, forming post-inflammatory (filiform) polyps, also commonly known as pseudopolyps 29,31"
"post-inflammatory polyps, if large enough, may be seen in well-distended bowel; in areas of mucosal denudation, abnormal thinning of the bowel may also be evident 2"
"Increased mucosal or inner-wall enhancement may be the only finding in acute ulcerative colitis. As the disease progresses, other findings include colonic mural thickening, submucosal oedema, and mucosal ulcers 29. On MRI, mild activity is associated with wall thickening of ~3–4 mm and severe activity with thickening of ≥7 mm 28. Backwash ileitis may also be seen, often accompanied by an incompetent ileocaecal valve 29."
"One of the most commonly used scoring systems. It is a composite of subscores from four categories: stool frequency, rectal bleeding, findings from flexible proctosigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, and the physician’s global assessment. Total score ranges from 0-12 7. Endoscopic component ranges from 0-3:"
"One of the most commonly used scoring systems. It is a composite of subscores from four categories: stool frequency, rectal bleeding, findings from flexible proctosigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, and the physician’s global assessment. Total score ranges from 0-12 7. Endoscopic component ranges from 0-3:"
"Bleeding is grade from 1-4"
"Erosions and ulcers are grade from 1-4"
"Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS)"
"Medical therapy will depend on disease location and severity. Common medications include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, thiopurines, JAK1 inhibitors, and TNF inhibitors 25."
Expected headings
"Associations"
"Classification"
"Mayo score"
"Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS)"
"Fluoroscopy"
"Complications"
"Clinically, patients have per rectal bleeding (up to 90%), chronic diarrhoea (sometimes bloody) associated with frequency, urgency, tenesmus, abdominal pain, and constitutional symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss 1,25."
"On ultrasound, wall thickness >3 mm (or >4 mm in some series) is used as the threshold for active disease 19; its performance improves when associated with the detection of a Doppler signal 19. The accuracy is decreased for the rectum due to the rectum’s deep position in the pelvis 19."
"mucosal ulcers become undermined (button-shaped ulcers); once most of the mucosa is lost, small islands of residual mucosa may elongate into thin, worm-like structures, forming post-inflammatory (filiform) polyps, also commonly known as pseudopolyps 29,31"
"colonic mural thickening; in active ulcerative colitis, a mean mural thickness of 8 mm has been reported 27"
"in chronic cases, submucosal fat deposition is seen, particularly in the rectum (fat halo sign) 27; extramural fat deposition in this region leads to thickening of the perirectal fat and widening of the presacral space 1,2,27"
"strictures are common and are not all malignant; these are predominantly due to marked muscularis mucosae hypertrophy, which also contributes in part to the lead-pipe sign"
"post-inflammatory polyps, if large enough, may be seen in well-distended bowel; in areas of mucosal denudation, abnormal thinning of the bowel may also be evident 2"
"colorectal carcinoma is often sessile; focal loss of mural stratification or excessive mural thickness should prompt endoscopic evaluation 2"
"Total colectomy is performed when there is non-response to medical management or when a complication such as colorectal cancer occurs; ~7% of patients with ulcerative colitis will undergo the procedure 15,25. Total colectomy is curative for both intestinal symptoms and the risk of colorectal carcinoma."