"Pre-injection measurements: inner diameter of the cavernosal artery (normal value is 0.3-0.5 mm), baseline peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity."
"Post-injection measurements (at 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes): inner diameter of cavernosal artery (normal value is 0.6-1.0 mm), peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, visual tumescence and erection."
"Pre-injection measurements: inner diameter of the cavernosal artery (normal value is 0.3-0.5 mm), baseline peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity."
"Post-injection measurements (at 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes): inner diameter of cavernosal artery (normal value is 0.6-1.0 mm), peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, visual tumescence and erection."
"phase 5: decrease in the systolic flow velocity occurs; this is usually 15 minutes post-injection which is associated with a reduction in tumescence and rigidity"
"drugs, e.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiseizure medications, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, corticosteroids, histamine H2 antagonists, chemotherapy"
"Corpora cavernosa are localised as two well-defined oval compartments with central cavernosal artery on both sides of the corpus spongiosum (urethra is in centre of corpus spongiosum). Insulin syringe is used for injection under sonographic guidance. Doppler optimisation settings (e.g scale/PRF, Doppler angle etc.) are adjusted in preparation for post injection studies in order to minimise time post vasodilator administration to avoid phase-lag measurement errors during dynamic (timed velocimetric) spectral data acquisition."
"In the flaccid state, monophasic flow is seen with absent/minimal diastolic flow. With onset of erection, systolic and diastolic flow both increases. With further increase in pressure, 'dicrotic notch' appears with dip in diastolic flow. End-diastolic flow may go down to zero or reversal may be seen. Then monophasic flow is seen with sharp systolic peak, corresponding with visual full erection. The essence of penile Doppler study is to differentiate vasculogenic (arterio/venogenic) ED from other organic and non-organic (psychogenic) aetiologies."
"Penile Doppler procedure"
"Pre-injection measurements: inner diameter of the cavernosal artery (normal value is 0.3-0.5 mm), baseline peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity."
"Post-injection measurements (at 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes): inner diameter of cavernosal artery (normal value is 0.6-1.0 mm), peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, visual tumescence and erection."
Expected headings
"Penile Doppler procedure"
"Assessment of erection following papaverine injection"
"Interpretation"
"Penile erection is a result of a complex interaction between the nervous, arterial, venous and sinusoidal systems. Any defect in one of these components can lead to erectile dysfunction."
"In the flaccid state, monophasic flow is seen with absent/minimal diastolic flow. With onset of erection, systolic and diastolic flow both increases. With further increase in pressure, 'dicrotic notch' appears with dip in diastolic flow. End-diastolic flow may go down to zero or reversal may be seen. Then monophasic flow is seen with sharp systolic peak, corresponding with visual full erection. The essence of penile Doppler study is to differentiate vasculogenic (arterio/venogenic) ED from other organic and non-organic (psychogenic) aetiologies."
"endocrine disorders, e.g. Cushing syndrome, Addison disease, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, hyperprolactinaemia"
"drugs, e.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiseizure medications, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, corticosteroids, histamine H2 antagonists, chemotherapy"
"Post-injection measurements (at 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes): inner diameter of cavernosal artery (normal value is 0.6-1.0 mm), peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, visual tumescence and erection."
"phase 4: diastolic flow reversal occurs with maximum systolic velocity; this is associated with penile rigidity"
"phase 5: decrease in the systolic flow velocity occurs; this is usually 15 minutes post-injection which is associated with a reduction in tumescence and rigidity"