"Marburg type (acute malignant)"
"Schilder type (diffuse cerebral sclerosis)"
"Baló concentric sclerosis"
"Uhthoff phenomenon: heat and exercise worsen symptoms"
"This article primarily concerns classic (Charcot-type) multiple sclerosis. Other variants, as well as other conditions previously erroneously classified as multiple sclerosis (e.g. NMOSD, MOGAD), are discussed separately."
"prior EBV infection, both in the adult and paediatric population 38"
"TNF-α inhibitors 63"
"filtered phase images from 3D T2*-GRE EPI or optimised SWI, or quantitative susceptibility mapping from multi-echo GRE or SWI source data"
"3D DIR or PSIR"
"2 of the following sagittal sequences: 2D T2-weighted, 2D PD-weighted, 2D STIR, 2D PSIR, or 3D MPRAGE"
"In the spinal cord, characteristic lesions tend to be located in the peripheral cord and span less than 3 segments in the craniocaudal dimension. More centrally located or longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions are highly atypical and suggest alternative demyelinating conditions such as NMOSD 43. Lesions involving the conus medullaris are rare 48. The addition of a STIR sequence on 3 T MRI improves sensitivity for these lesions over T2 FSE or T1-weighted sequences 44."
"In the spinal cord, characteristic lesions tend to be located in the peripheral cord and span less than 3 segments in the craniocaudal dimension. More centrally located or longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions are highly atypical and suggest alternative demyelinating conditions such as NMOSD 43. Lesions involving the conus medullaris are rare 48. The addition of a STIR sequence on 3 T MRI improves sensitivity for these lesions over T2 FSE or T1-weighted sequences 44."
"NAA peaks may be reduced within plaques, which is the most common and remarkable finding"
"up to 32% of multiple sclerosis lesions in a patient can be SELs 52 and approximately 70% of patients with multiple sclerosis have at least one SEL"
"approximately 40-50% of paramagnetic rim lesions meet SEL criteria, and 10-15% of SELs have paramagnetic rims 52"
"e.g. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and other less common CNS JC virus manifestations (JC virus granule cell neuronopathy, JC virus encephalopathy, and JC virus meningitis) from natalizumab (and rarely other agents) in patients with positive JC virus serology"
"e.g. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and other less common CNS JC virus manifestations (JC virus granule cell neuronopathy, JC virus encephalopathy, and JC virus meningitis) from natalizumab (and rarely other agents) in patients with positive JC virus serology"
"e.g. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and other less common CNS JC virus manifestations (JC virus granule cell neuronopathy, JC virus encephalopathy, and JC virus meningitis) from natalizumab (and rarely other agents) in patients with positive JC virus serology"
"e.g. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and other less common CNS JC virus manifestations (JC virus granule cell neuronopathy, JC virus encephalopathy, and JC virus meningitis) from natalizumab (and rarely other agents) in patients with positive JC virus serology"
"e.g. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and other less common CNS JC virus manifestations (JC virus granule cell neuronopathy, JC virus encephalopathy, and JC virus meningitis) from natalizumab (and rarely other agents) in patients with positive JC virus serology"
"e.g. PML-IRIS as a complication of cessation of natalizumab or treatment for natalizumab-related PML with plasma exchange or immunoabsorption 21"
"all other demyelinating diseases (e.g. NMOSD, MOGAD)"
"other causes of transverse myelitis, including other demyelinating diseases (e.g. NMOSD, MOGAD) and neurosarcoidosis"
"HLA-DR15 (formerly covered by HLA-DR2) class II 35"
"hereditary cerebral small vessel diseases (e.g. CADASIL, Fabry disease, COL4A1 brain small-vessel disease) 46,47"
"CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy 47"
Expected headings
"Types"
"Protocol"
"Demyelinating plaques"
"Chronic active lesions"
"Atrophy"
"Prognosis"
"Complications"
"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a relatively common acquired chronic demyelinating disease involving the central nervous system and is the second most common cause of neurological impairment in young adults, after trauma 19. Characteristically and by definition, multiple sclerosis is disseminated in space (i.e. multiple lesions in different regions of the brain), and generally (but not necessarily) is also disseminated in time (i.e. lesions occur at different times)."
"The presentation is usually between adolescence and the sixth decade, with a peak at approximately 35 years of age 12,19. Up to 10% of patients have paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (onset"
"clinically isolated syndrome (CIS): patients who have experienced a single episode of neurologic symptoms thought to be due to demyelination, but do not meet criteria for multiple sclerosis; a proportion of these patients will later develop multiple sclerosis over longitudinal follow-up (the exact risk depending on radiological and paraclinical results)"
"radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS): incidental discovery of CNS white matter T2-weighted hyperintense foci on MRI, which are highly typical of multiple sclerosis in the absence of typical clinical symptoms related to inflammatory demyelination or findings on clinical examination 17,42; these asymptomatic patients can be diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis under the McDonald diagnostic criteria 42"
"Multiple sclerosis is believed to result from a cell-mediated autoimmune response against one's own myelin components, with loss of oligodendrocytes but little or no axonal degeneration in the acute phase; however, in later stages, depletion of oligodendrocytes leads to axonal degeneration."
"MRI can not only confirm the diagnosis (see McDonald diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis); follow-up scans can assess treatment response and help determine the disease pattern."
"central vein sign: at higher field strengths most plaques are perivenular (at 3 T, 45% of lesions; at 7 T, 87% of lesions) 19"
"paramagnetic rim lesions: may be seen in approximately 50% of patients; presence increases specificity of diagnosis and correlates with disability from disease 32"
"3D T1-weighted pre-contrast (e.g. MPRAGE)"
"all other demyelinating diseases (e.g. NMOSD, MOGAD)"
"spinal cord tumours (e.g. astrocytomas)"
"spinal cord infarction (e.g. sulcal artery syndrome)"
"In the brain, multiple sclerosis plaques can be infratentorial, periventricular, juxtacortical or cortical, or in the deep white matter. The optic nerves may also be involved. Definitions for lesions in these regions are discussed in the McDonald diagnostic criteria article."