"total length of enhancement of ≥17.6 mm, affecting ≥3 optic nerve segments (of intraorbital, canalicular, pre-chiasmal, chiasm, optic tract segments) 11"
"Optic neuritis can be described clinically as either typical optic neuritis or atypical optic neuritis 13. Typical optic neuritis refers to unilateral optic neuritis in the setting of multiple sclerosis, while atypical optic neuritis occurs due to any other cause and often has different epidemiological and clinicoradiological features 13."
"Optic neuritis can be described clinically as either typical optic neuritis or atypical optic neuritis 13. Typical optic neuritis refers to unilateral optic neuritis in the setting of multiple sclerosis, while atypical optic neuritis occurs due to any other cause and often has different epidemiological and clinicoradiological features 13."
"Optic neuritis can also be described clinically as being anterior (papillitis) or posterior (retrobulbar) 16. Anterior optic neuritis (papillitis) refers to optic nerve head involvement (with resultant optic disc oedema), while posterior (retrobulbar) optic neuritis refers to optic nerve head sparing 16."
"Optic neuritis can also be described clinically as being anterior (papillitis) or posterior (retrobulbar) 16. Anterior optic neuritis (papillitis) refers to optic nerve head involvement (with resultant optic disc oedema), while posterior (retrobulbar) optic neuritis refers to optic nerve head sparing 16."
"Optic neuritis can also be described clinically as being anterior (papillitis) or posterior (retrobulbar) 16. Anterior optic neuritis (papillitis) refers to optic nerve head involvement (with resultant optic disc oedema), while posterior (retrobulbar) optic neuritis refers to optic nerve head sparing 16."
"Optic neuritis can also be described clinically as being anterior (papillitis) or posterior (retrobulbar) 16. Anterior optic neuritis (papillitis) refers to optic nerve head involvement (with resultant optic disc oedema), while posterior (retrobulbar) optic neuritis refers to optic nerve head sparing 16."
"Additionally, optic neuritis can sometimes be described radiologically as longitudinally extensive optic neuritis, which may have aetiological implications (e.g. NMOSD, MOGAD). There is no consensus definition for what constitutes longitudinally extensive optic neuritis; however, examples of definitions utilised in the literature include:"
"Additionally, optic neuritis can sometimes be described radiologically as longitudinally extensive optic neuritis, which may have aetiological implications (e.g. NMOSD, MOGAD). There is no consensus definition for what constitutes longitudinally extensive optic neuritis; however, examples of definitions utilised in the literature include:"
"In a study of 11 million people in the UK, optic neuritis (all causes) had an incidence of 3.7 per 100 000 person-years. 69% of the cohort were female, with an average age of 35 years, and 92% were White 8."
"autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy"
"Caucasian ethnicity"
"Typically, findings are most easily identified in the retrobulbar intra-orbital segment of the optic nerve, which appears swollen, with a high T2 signal. High T2 signal persists and may be permanent; chronically the nerve will appear atrophied rather than swollen."
"Optic neuritis can also be described clinically as being anterior (papillitis) or posterior (retrobulbar) 16. Anterior optic neuritis (papillitis) refers to optic nerve head involvement (with resultant optic disc oedema), while posterior (retrobulbar) optic neuritis refers to optic nerve head sparing 16."
"Typical optic neuritis (seen in the setting of multiple sclerosis) causes orbital pain (90%), often worse with eye movement, and is associated with visual loss that reaches a nadir within a few days of symptom onset 1,4. The degree of visual loss ranges from minimal visual loss, if any, to complete absence of light perception. Additionally, dyschromatopsia, photopsia, and visual field defects may also occur 1. The swinging light test (Marcus Gunn test) classically reveals a relative afferent pupillary defect (Marcus Gunn pupil), and fundoscopy may reveal diffuse optic disc swelling indicative of papillitis (which will not be present if inflammation is solely retrobulbar) 1."
"In multiple sclerosis, the segment of optic nerve involvement is usually short, unilateral, and confined to the optic nerve itself, whereas in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), involvement is typically bilateral, longitudinally extensive (>50% of the nerve) with extension to the intracranial compartment 6,7. There is often also enhancement of the optic nerve sheath (optic perineuritis) in MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) 6,7."
"Additionally, optic neuritis can sometimes be described radiologically as longitudinally extensive optic neuritis, which may have aetiological implications (e.g. NMOSD, MOGAD). There is no consensus definition for what constitutes longitudinally extensive optic neuritis; however, examples of definitions utilised in the literature include:"
"In multiple sclerosis, the segment of optic nerve involvement is usually short, unilateral, and confined to the optic nerve itself, whereas in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), involvement is typically bilateral, longitudinally extensive (>50% of the nerve) with extension to the intracranial compartment 6,7. There is often also enhancement of the optic nerve sheath (optic perineuritis) in MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) 6,7."
"Additionally, optic neuritis can sometimes be described radiologically as longitudinally extensive optic neuritis, which may have aetiological implications (e.g. NMOSD, MOGAD). There is no consensus definition for what constitutes longitudinally extensive optic neuritis; however, examples of definitions utilised in the literature include:"
"Typically, findings are most easily identified in the retrobulbar intra-orbital segment of the optic nerve, which appears swollen, with a high T2 signal. High T2 signal persists and may be permanent; chronically the nerve will appear atrophied rather than swollen."
"toxins/drugs (e.g. checkpoint inhibitors)"
"In multiple sclerosis, the segment of optic nerve involvement is usually short, unilateral, and confined to the optic nerve itself, whereas in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), involvement is typically bilateral, longitudinally extensive (>50% of the nerve) with extension to the intracranial compartment 6,7. There is often also enhancement of the optic nerve sheath (optic perineuritis) in MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) 6,7."