"BRAF"
"ATRX (mutations or loss)"
"HGAP have heterogenous imaging features, difficult to distinguish from glioblastoma or diffuse midline glioma 4."
Expected headings
"Molecular characteristics"
"Due to the small number of patients reported, it is difficult to make strong pronouncements on the epidemiology of this tumour; however, cases so far appear to be primarily in middle-aged and elderly individuals 1,3,4. Neurofibromatosis type 1 appears to be a fairly strong association 1,4."
"Due to the small number of cases reported to date, specific or even suggestive imaging features are not yet evident especially as the tumours that have been described are heterogeneous in location (see above) and appearance 1,4."
"Generally, they appear to be heterogeneously/peripherally enhancing lesions with low T1 and high T2/FLAIR signal but usually without diffusion restriction of either central or peripheral components 1,4. Cystic areas, necrosis and elevated perfusion have been reported 4."
"No tumour specific treatments are available at this time with treatment being empirical consisting of maximal safe surgical resection with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (e.g. temozolomide) 1. There is a suggestion that NF1-associated HGAP may respond mTOR and MAPK inhibitors 4."