"epidemic AIDS-related: an AIDS-defining illness with risk and severity related to low CD4 count ("
"larger masses1"
"This condition was first described by Moritz Kaposi (1837-1902), an Austro-Hungarian dermatologist, in 1872. He described the disease as "idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma of the skin" 9, but also recognised that the disease was often systemic, and that pulmonary and digestive tract complications were the main causes of morbidity and mortality even when skin lesions were inconspicuous 14."
"acroangiodermatitis (pseudo-Kaposi’s sarcoma): benign angioproliferative disorder, usually on lower extremities, associated with chronic venous insufficiency; histopathology is distinct"
"Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a systemic angioproliferative disease of lymphatic and blood vessels driven by infection with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) and most often affecting immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with HIV/AIDS. Transplant recipients and occasionally immunocompetent individuals can be affected and have different manifestations. Violaceous lesions of the skin and mucosa are characteristic, however mortality is commonly due to involvement of the lung and gastrointestinal tract."
"Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a systemic angioproliferative disease of lymphatic and blood vessels driven by infection with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) and most often affecting immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with HIV/AIDS. Transplant recipients and occasionally immunocompetent individuals can be affected and have different manifestations. Violaceous lesions of the skin and mucosa are characteristic, however mortality is commonly due to involvement of the lung and gastrointestinal tract."
"Clinical and radiological features may raise suspicion, but are not sufficient to establish a diagnosis. Kaposi sarcoma is diagnosed by tissue biopsy, which shows spindle cell proliferation, slit-like vascular spaces, extravasated erythrocytes and haemosiderin deposits. Diagnosis is confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for intracellular human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) 11."
"All forms are due to infection with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, i.e. HHV-8) 9, but the manifestations are determined by epidemiological context and host immunity. Spindle cell proliferation and abnormal vascularity are common to all types."
"All forms are due to infection with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, i.e. HHV-8) 9, but the manifestations are determined by epidemiological context and host immunity. Spindle cell proliferation and abnormal vascularity are common to all types."
"KSHV infects endothelial cells, causing:"
"All forms can develop KSHV-associated lymphproliferative disease; immune suppression increases the risk:"
"Different lymphoproliferative disorders can occur concurrently, and B cells can be coinfected and transformed by both KSHV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 12."
"Long-term control is possible, but recurrence is common due to the persistence of KSHV, so long term surveillance is indicated."
"lymphoma (AIDS-related lymphoma: ARL): appear more well defined"
"bacillary angiomatosis: vascular skin lesions, often in immunosuppressed patients, and can be histologically similar to Kaposi sarcoma, diagnosis confirmed by Warthin-Starry stain or PCR for Bartonella species"
"Kerley B lines"
"atypical pneumonia (e.g. Pneumocystis jiroveci)"
Expected headings
"Pathogenesis"
"Associations"
"gastrointestinal lesions may present with abdominal pain, bleeding or obstruction"
"pulmonary involvement can manifest as cough, dyspnoea, haemoptysis or chest pain"
"classic (chronic): indolent disease affecting skin of the lower extremities, lymphoedema and rare involvement of mucosal and visceral sites, in elderly men of Mediterranean or Eastern European descent"
"endemic (lymphadenopathic): common in children and adults in sub-Saharan Africa, and can be more aggressive in children, with skin ulceration, soft tissue invasion, lymphadenopathy and visceral disease"
"iatrogenic: immunosuppressed patients, typically organ transplant-recipients, may involve the skin, mucosa and viscera"
"Immune evasion, reactivation and dissemination are inversely related to host immunity."
"There is a wide spectrum of imaging findings depending on which organ is involved. Rare involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system, larynx, eye, major salivary glands, endocrine organs, heart, thoracic duct, urinary system, breast, wounds and blood clots has been described 20."
"In HIV-AIDS patients, antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone can induce regression in many cases with only skin or minimal mucosal involvement. Symptomatic, visceral or rapidly progressive KS requires ART combined with systemic chemotherapy. Liposomal doxorubicin is the preferred first-line agent; paclitaxel or pomalidomide are used for refractory or relapsed KS, together with thromboprophylaxis, such as aspirin 22."
"There are five recognised variants 1:"
"There is a wide spectrum of imaging findings depending on which organ is involved. Rare involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system, larynx, eye, major salivary glands, endocrine organs, heart, thoracic duct, urinary system, breast, wounds and blood clots has been described 20."
"epidemic AIDS-related: an AIDS-defining illness with risk and severity related to low CD4 count ("
"All forms can develop KSHV-associated lymphproliferative disease; immune suppression increases the risk:"
"In the chest, tumour grows through the peribronchovascular interstitium and interlobular septa, and causes alveolar haemorrhage and haemorrhagic pleural effusions. Endobronchial disease can occur; oedema and infection may coexist 16. Findings include:"
"In HIV-AIDS patients, antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone can induce regression in many cases with only skin or minimal mucosal involvement. Symptomatic, visceral or rapidly progressive KS requires ART combined with systemic chemotherapy. Liposomal doxorubicin is the preferred first-line agent; paclitaxel or pomalidomide are used for refractory or relapsed KS, together with thromboprophylaxis, such as aspirin 22."
"pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary haemangioma): rapidly growing, friable, red papules or nodules, often following trauma; lobular capillary proliferation on histology"
"acroangiodermatitis (pseudo-Kaposi’s sarcoma): benign angioproliferative disorder, usually on lower extremities, associated with chronic venous insufficiency; histopathology is distinct"
"There is a wide spectrum of imaging findings depending on which organ is involved. Rare involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system, larynx, eye, major salivary glands, endocrine organs, heart, thoracic duct, urinary system, breast, wounds and blood clots has been described 20."
"atypical pneumonia (e.g. Pneumocystis jiroveci)"
"fungal (e.g. angioinvasive aspergillosis)"