"Patients with ‘post-primary’ destructive pulmonary tuberculosis are often asymptomatic or have only minor symptoms such as a chronic dry cough. Constitutional symptoms can be prominent with fever, malaise, and weight loss, and a productive cough with blood-stained sputum may be present 1."
"post-primary infections have a strong predilection for the upper zones"
"Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis"
"Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis, also known as reactivation tuberculosis or secondary tuberculosis, occurs years later, frequently in the setting of a decreased immune status. In the majority of cases, post-primary TB within the lungs develops in either 1-2:"
"Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis, also known as reactivation tuberculosis or secondary tuberculosis, occurs years later, frequently in the setting of a decreased immune status. In the majority of cases, post-primary TB within the lungs develops in either 1-2:"
"The typical appearance of post-primary tuberculosis is that of patchy consolidation or poorly defined linear and nodular opacities 1."
"Post-primary infections are far more likely to cavitate than primary infections and are seen in 20-45% of cases. In the vast majority of cases, they develop in the posterior segments of the upper lobes (85%)1,7. Cavitation implies communication with the airway, and thus the possibility of contagion. Endobronchial spread along nearby airways is a relatively common finding, resulting in relatively well-defined 2-4 mm nodules or branching lesions (tree-in-bud sign) on CT 1,3,17."
"Hilar nodal enlargement is seen in only approximately a third of cases 1. Lobar consolidation, tuberculoma formation, and miliary TB are also recognised patterns of post-primary TB but are less common."
"Tuberculomas account for only 5% of cases of post-primary TB and appear as a well-defined, rounded mass typically located in the upper lobes. They are usually single (80%) and can measure up to 4 cm in size. Small satellite lesions are seen in most cases 1. In 20-30% of cases cavitation may develop."
"Miliary tuberculosis is uncommon but carries a poor prognosis. It represents haematogenous dissemination of an uncontrolled tuberculous infection. It is seen both in primary and post-primary tuberculosis. Although implants are seen throughout the body, the lungs are usually the easiest location to image."
"Treatment is usually only in the setting of progressive primary tuberculosis, miliary tuberculosis, or post-primary infection, and in general, primary infections are asymptomatic. For a general discussion, please refer to the parent article: tuberculosis."
"In primary pulmonary tuberculosis, the initial focus of infection can be located anywhere within the lung and may be undetectable or may manifest as patchy areas of consolidation or even lobar consolidation. Radiographic evidence of parenchymal infection is seen in 70% of children and 90% of adults 1. Cavitation is uncommon in primary TB, seen only in 10-30% of cases 2. In most cases, the infection becomes localised and a caseating granuloma forms (tuberculoma), which usually eventually calcifies and is then known as a Ghon lesion 1-2."
"Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis, also known as reactivation tuberculosis or secondary tuberculosis, occurs years later, frequently in the setting of a decreased immune status. In the majority of cases, post-primary TB within the lungs develops in either 1-2:"
"Miliary deposits appear as 1-3 mm diameter nodules, which are uniform in size and uniformly distributed 1-2. If the treatment is successful, no residual abnormality remains."
"In primary pulmonary tuberculosis, the initial focus of infection can be located anywhere within the lung and may be undetectable or may manifest as patchy areas of consolidation or even lobar consolidation. Radiographic evidence of parenchymal infection is seen in 70% of children and 90% of adults 1. Cavitation is uncommon in primary TB, seen only in 10-30% of cases 2. In most cases, the infection becomes localised and a caseating granuloma forms (tuberculoma), which usually eventually calcifies and is then known as a Ghon lesion 1-2."
"The more striking finding, especially in children, is that of ipsilateral hilar and contiguous mediastinal (paratracheal) lymphadenopathy, usually right-sided 3. This pattern is seen in over 90% of cases of childhood primary TB, but only 10-30% of adults 1. These nodes typically have low-attenuation centres with rim enhancement on CT 1-3. Occasionally, these nodes may be large enough to compress adjacent airways, resulting in distal atelectasis 1."
"Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis, also known as reactivation tuberculosis or secondary tuberculosis, occurs years later, frequently in the setting of a decreased immune status. In the majority of cases, post-primary TB within the lungs develops in either 1-2:"
"Hilar nodal enlargement is seen in only approximately a third of cases 1. Lobar consolidation, tuberculoma formation, and miliary TB are also recognised patterns of post-primary TB but are less common."
"Hilar nodal enlargement is seen in only approximately a third of cases 1. Lobar consolidation, tuberculoma formation, and miliary TB are also recognised patterns of post-primary TB but are less common."
"Tuberculomas account for only 5% of cases of post-primary TB and appear as a well-defined, rounded mass typically located in the upper lobes. They are usually single (80%) and can measure up to 4 cm in size. Small satellite lesions are seen in most cases 1. In 20-30% of cases cavitation may develop."
Expected headings
"Clinical presentation in AIDS patients"
"Primary pulmonary tuberculosis"
"Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis"
"Miliary pulmonary tuberculosis"
"Tracheal and bronchial involvement"
"Broncholith"
"Pleural involvement"
"Complications"
"Pulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis are varied and depend on bacterial dose, virulence and host immunity. When droplet transmission causes pulmonary infection it is usually contained, becoming dormant. Miliary tuberculosis indicates haematogenous spread and is most likely to occur in those with immune deficiency especially HIV-AIDS, also in young children with immature immune systems."
"Tuberculous involvement of the pleura usually presents as pleural effusion, empyema or pleural thickening 12,15."
"The imaging differential is dependent on the type and pattern of infection; consider:"