"cytokeratins (pancytokeratin, AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, OSCAR, and CK18)"
"The prognosis for patients with SNUC is considered poor with 5-year survival ranging widely depending on the series (6% to 74%) centred around 35% 8."
"negative: CK5/6, p40, CD45, S100, SOX10, desmin"
Expected headings
"Immunohistochemistry"
"Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas are encountered in a wide age range, most often in later adulthood (median 50 to 60 years of age). There is a 2-3:1 male predilection 7,8."
"The clinical presentation is non-specific, shared by other sinonasal malignancies and depends on the location of the tumour. When involving the nasal cavity, signs and symptoms include difficulty breathing due to nasal obstruction, facial pain and headaches due to sinus congestion, rhinorrhoea or epistaxis 8."
"The clinical presentation is non-specific, shared by other sinonasal malignancies and depends on the location of the tumour. When involving the nasal cavity, signs and symptoms include difficulty breathing due to nasal obstruction, facial pain and headaches due to sinus congestion, rhinorrhoea or epistaxis 8."
"Unfortunately, these tumours tend to be fast-growing and large at presentation with extension into the orbit, intracranial compartment and caverous sinus, seen in most patients 7,8 As a result additional signs and symptoms develop including facial swelling as tumours grow anteriorly; visual disturbances or proptosis with orbital involvement; cranial neuropathies, or other neurological symptoms from invasion of the skull base and intracranial extension; and obstructive symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chewing, or swallowing when the tumour extends posteroinferiorly into the oral cavity, oropharynx or infratemporal fossa 7,8."
"By definition undifferentiated carcinomas lack recognisable glandular, squamous or neuroendocrine differentiation 7. They are composed of nests, lobules and/or sheets of malignant cells that have enlarged round nuclei with varying nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio 7,8. Necrosis is common 8. Mitotic activity is high 8."
"Unfortunately, these tumours tend to be fast-growing and large at presentation with extension into the orbit, intracranial compartment and caverous sinus, seen in most patients 7,8 As a result additional signs and symptoms develop including facial swelling as tumours grow anteriorly; visual disturbances or proptosis with orbital involvement; cranial neuropathies, or other neurological symptoms from invasion of the skull base and intracranial extension; and obstructive symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chewing, or swallowing when the tumour extends posteroinferiorly into the oral cavity, oropharynx or infratemporal fossa 7,8."
"Unfortunately, these tumours tend to be fast-growing and large at presentation with extension into the orbit, intracranial compartment and caverous sinus, seen in most patients 7,8 As a result additional signs and symptoms develop including facial swelling as tumours grow anteriorly; visual disturbances or proptosis with orbital involvement; cranial neuropathies, or other neurological symptoms from invasion of the skull base and intracranial extension; and obstructive symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chewing, or swallowing when the tumour extends posteroinferiorly into the oral cavity, oropharynx or infratemporal fossa 7,8."
"Unfortunately, these tumours tend to be fast-growing and large at presentation with extension into the orbit, intracranial compartment and caverous sinus, seen in most patients 7,8 As a result additional signs and symptoms develop including facial swelling as tumours grow anteriorly; visual disturbances or proptosis with orbital involvement; cranial neuropathies, or other neurological symptoms from invasion of the skull base and intracranial extension; and obstructive symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chewing, or swallowing when the tumour extends posteroinferiorly into the oral cavity, oropharynx or infratemporal fossa 7,8."
"Unfortunately, these tumours tend to be fast-growing and large at presentation with extension into the orbit, intracranial compartment and caverous sinus, seen in most patients 7,8 As a result additional signs and symptoms develop including facial swelling as tumours grow anteriorly; visual disturbances or proptosis with orbital involvement; cranial neuropathies, or other neurological symptoms from invasion of the skull base and intracranial extension; and obstructive symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chewing, or swallowing when the tumour extends posteroinferiorly into the oral cavity, oropharynx or infratemporal fossa 7,8."