"Sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas and metastases demonstrate FDG avidity on PET/CT 7."
"Keratinising SCCs are more strongly linked to smoking and environmental/occupational carcinogens (e.g. wood and leather particles, nickel, chrome, arsenic, formaldehyde, welding fumes, glues and textile-related compounds). In contrast, non-keratinising SCCs are more often associated with high-risk HPV infection and occasional linkage to precursor lesions such as sinonasal papilloma 2-3,6."
"Keratinising SCCs are more strongly linked to smoking and environmental/occupational carcinogens (e.g. wood and leather particles, nickel, chrome, arsenic, formaldehyde, welding fumes, glues and textile-related compounds). In contrast, non-keratinising SCCs are more often associated with high-risk HPV infection and occasional linkage to precursor lesions such as sinonasal papilloma 2-3,6."
"Over the past few decades, the relative frequency of smoking as a risk factor has reduced as smoking rates have waned, whereas the percentage of tumours due to HPV infection has risen, particularly in the nasal cavity 1."
"Staging uses the AJCC/UICC TNM system and is region-specific:"
"Staging uses the AJCC/UICC TNM system and is region-specific:"
"Staging uses the AJCC/UICC TNM system and is region-specific:"
"The overall 5-year survival is approximately 60%, better for nasal cavity tumours (75%) and worse for maxillary (35%) and sphenoid and frontal sinus ("
"larger lesions tend to be necrotic and therefore have heterogenous enhancement"
Expected headings
"Staging"
"Treatment"
"Prognosis"
"Keratinising SCCs are more strongly linked to smoking and environmental/occupational carcinogens (e.g. wood and leather particles, nickel, chrome, arsenic, formaldehyde, welding fumes, glues and textile-related compounds). In contrast, non-keratinising SCCs are more often associated with high-risk HPV infection and occasional linkage to precursor lesions such as sinonasal papilloma 2-3,6."
"As these tumours increase in size and extend through bone into neighbouring compartments, further signs and symptoms may develop, depending on the direction of spread. These can include facial swelling as tumours grow anteriorly; visual disturbances or proptosis with orbital involvement; CSF rhinorrhoea, cranial neuropathies, or other neurological symptoms from invasion of the skull base and intracranial extension; and obstructive symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chewing, or swallowing when the tumour extends posteroinferiorly into the oral cavity, oropharynx or infratemporal fossa 1-3."
"As these tumours increase in size and extend through bone into neighbouring compartments, further signs and symptoms may develop, depending on the direction of spread. These can include facial swelling as tumours grow anteriorly; visual disturbances or proptosis with orbital involvement; CSF rhinorrhoea, cranial neuropathies, or other neurological symptoms from invasion of the skull base and intracranial extension; and obstructive symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chewing, or swallowing when the tumour extends posteroinferiorly into the oral cavity, oropharynx or infratemporal fossa 1-3."
"As these tumours increase in size and extend through bone into neighbouring compartments, further signs and symptoms may develop, depending on the direction of spread. These can include facial swelling as tumours grow anteriorly; visual disturbances or proptosis with orbital involvement; CSF rhinorrhoea, cranial neuropathies, or other neurological symptoms from invasion of the skull base and intracranial extension; and obstructive symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chewing, or swallowing when the tumour extends posteroinferiorly into the oral cavity, oropharynx or infratemporal fossa 1-3."