"Some confusion can arise as the non-intestinal type can have salivary gland morphology but is not considered a true salivary gland tumour (e.g. adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma)."
"Non-intestinal type adenocarcinomas, in contrast, are not as often associated with occupational exposure but rather with high-risk HPV or sinonasal papilloma 8. A gender predilection is not as marked, with males only represented in high-grade non-intestinal type tumours that are also thought to be due to occupational exposure 8."
"Head and neck carcinomas are staged using the TNM staging system, which is differently defined by primary tumour site:"
"These exposure-related sinonasal adenocarcinomas (mostly intestinal-type) tend to appear in the ethmoidal sinuses and nasal cavity whilst non-exposure-related adenocarcinomas arise more frequently in the maxillary sinus, similar to other non-glandular sinonasal carcinomas (e.g. sinonasal quamous cell carcinoma) 3."
"sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma: mostly affects maxillary sinus and nasal cavity; very high propensity for perineural tumour spread 3"
"sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC): mostly affects ethmoid and nasal cavity; early nodal metastases 3"
"sinonasal lymphoma: mainly affects paranasal sinuses and simulates benignity, with frequent bone remodelling more than destruction; homogeneous contrast-enhancement with homogeneous diffusion restriction, with scarce or no necrosis, are characteristic 3"
"sinonasal mucosal melanoma: mainly affects the inferior nasal fossa; lesions are characteristically hypervascular and haemorrhagic; can sometimes simulate benignancy, with frequent bone remodelling instead of destruction; if the tumour is the melanotic subtype, they can have a characteristic intrinsic T1 hyperintensity 3"
"complete surgical en bloc resection with wide margins may be curative"
Expected headings
"Staging"
"Treatment"
"Prognosis"
"Some confusion can arise as the non-intestinal type can have salivary gland morphology but is not considered a true salivary gland tumour (e.g. adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma)."
"Generally it is intestinal type adenocarcinomas that are strongly associated with occupational exposure, particularly wood dust (wood-workers having up to a thousand-fold increased risk in comparison to the normal population), other organic dusts (e.g. cork, leather), metals (e.g. chrome, nickel), chemicals (e.g. formaldehyde, solvents, tannins, pesticides) 3,7. This occupational exposure probably accounting for the male predominance in intestinal-type adenocarcinoma 3,7."
"Tumours arising in other regions (e.g. maxillary sinus) tend to be clinically sinus when small and thus present at later stages, often with signs of invasion and compression of nearby structures. These include facial pain and swelling, proptosis, diplopia, headache or neurological symptoms 3,4,7,8."
"Generally it is intestinal type adenocarcinomas that are strongly associated with occupational exposure, particularly wood dust (wood-workers having up to a thousand-fold increased risk in comparison to the normal population), other organic dusts (e.g. cork, leather), metals (e.g. chrome, nickel), chemicals (e.g. formaldehyde, solvents, tannins, pesticides) 3,7. This occupational exposure probably accounting for the male predominance in intestinal-type adenocarcinoma 3,7."
"Tumours arising in other regions (e.g. maxillary sinus) tend to be clinically sinus when small and thus present at later stages, often with signs of invasion and compression of nearby structures. These include facial pain and swelling, proptosis, diplopia, headache or neurological symptoms 3,4,7,8."
"Intestinal type sinonasal adenocarcinomas are morphologically very similar to adenocarcinoma of the bowel. They are characterised by atypical intestinal-type columnar cells forming a variety of structures (tubular, papillary, cribriform or solid) often with goblet cells and mucus production 5,7. They range from well to poorly differentiated 5,7."
"biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma: most often centred on the ethmoid sinuses; may have bony hyperostosis"
"sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma: mostly affects maxillary sinus and nasal cavity; very high propensity for perineural tumour spread 3"
"sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC): mostly affects ethmoid and nasal cavity; early nodal metastases 3"
"sinonasal lymphoma: mainly affects paranasal sinuses and simulates benignity, with frequent bone remodelling more than destruction; homogeneous contrast-enhancement with homogeneous diffusion restriction, with scarce or no necrosis, are characteristic 3"
"sinonasal mucosal melanoma: mainly affects the inferior nasal fossa; lesions are characteristically hypervascular and haemorrhagic; can sometimes simulate benignancy, with frequent bone remodelling instead of destruction; if the tumour is the melanotic subtype, they can have a characteristic intrinsic T1 hyperintensity 3"
"sinonasal mucosal melanoma: mainly affects the inferior nasal fossa; lesions are characteristically hypervascular and haemorrhagic; can sometimes simulate benignancy, with frequent bone remodelling instead of destruction; if the tumour is the melanotic subtype, they can have a characteristic intrinsic T1 hyperintensity 3"
"sinonasal mucosal melanoma: mainly affects the inferior nasal fossa; lesions are characteristically hypervascular and haemorrhagic; can sometimes simulate benignancy, with frequent bone remodelling instead of destruction; if the tumour is the melanotic subtype, they can have a characteristic intrinsic T1 hyperintensity 3"
"olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma): centred on the cribriform plate, with characteristic dumbbell shape affecting ethmoid sinuses inferiorly and invading anterior cranial fossa superiorly; often show adjacent bone hyperostosis, bone remodelling and nasal cavity expansion; intracranial tumour-margins often show characteristic peripheral T2-hyperintense cysts 3"
"olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma): centred on the cribriform plate, with characteristic dumbbell shape affecting ethmoid sinuses inferiorly and invading anterior cranial fossa superiorly; often show adjacent bone hyperostosis, bone remodelling and nasal cavity expansion; intracranial tumour-margins often show characteristic peripheral T2-hyperintense cysts 3"