"π x radius2 x height"
"Cardiac output, when corrected for body surface area, is reported as a cardiac index (CO/BSA) with a normal range between 2.5-4.0 L/min/m2."
"associated with low cardiac output (cardiac index"
"Assessment of preload dependence"
"Assessment of cardiac output"
"Cardiac output, when corrected for body surface area, is reported as a cardiac index (CO/BSA) with a normal range between 2.5-4.0 L/min/m2."
Expected headings
"Radiographic findings"
"Ultrasound"
"Echocardiography"
"An immediate differential diagnosis may be formed by the assessment of preload dependence (i.e. fluid responsiveness) and the measurement of cardiac output. Subsequent division of shock aetiologies may then be possible based on cardiac output; separation of states associated with a low cardiac output (cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, obstructive) and those which are associated with a preserved, or inappropriately high, cardiac output (distributive/vasoplegic shock)."
"The presence or absence of central venous plethora is also a crucial component of the clinical exam; echocardiographic correlates of high central venous pressures combined with shock and/or hypotension is immediately suggestive of cardiogenic or obstructive shock. The presence or absence of pulmonary oedema, readily assessed with ultrasonography, is another crucial element of the clinical picture, as its presence would highly suggest the former (cardiogenic shock), and its absence should prompt a search for evidence of the latter (obstructive)."
"Using a physical manoeuvre that increases preload, such as passive leg raise, or administration of intravenous fluids, one may observe the effect on cardiac output or stroke volume. Fluid responsiveness is deemed present if there is >10-15% increase in cardiac output or stroke volume in response to an increase in preload; this also defines a state of preload dependence 5. This so-called dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness is preferred over a so-called static assessment of fluid responsiveness."