"Angiography is largely possible thanks to the Seldinger technique (first described in 1953) for intravascular access."
"The fluoroscopy unit consists of a C-arm unit that can be rotated axially and sagittally around the floating-top table. The distance between the X-ray tube and the image intensifier can be adjusted, as can collimation and several other parameters. In dedicated angiography units, there is a second set of controls for the angiographer (radiographer)."
"a standard access kit includes a straight 18 gauge needle and .035" guidewires, on which the diagnostic and therapeutic catheters are threaded"
"in many cases, a micro-introducer access kit (.018" guidewire threaded through a 21 gauge initial access needle) is used for access, either for the entire procedure or to be replaced with the standard kit"
Expected headings
"History"
"Preprocedural evaluation"
"Positioning/room set up"
"DSA technique"
"Procedural technique"
"There are numerous indications for angiography and their number has been on the rise ever since interventional radiology has been shown to successfully supplant many open vascular procedures. Salient examples include:"
"It should be noted that since image subtraction causes a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio, the subtraction images appear noisier than the source images. The inevitable solution to this is to increase mA. There are also algorithms in place for reducing scatter."
"presence of atherosclerotic disease (e.g. prior myocardial infarction)"
"measurements and quantification (e.g. of the degree of arterial stenosis)"
"All procedures should be performed under strict aseptic conditions, including attire, technique and preparation."
"The image is at least a 1024 x 1024 pixel matrix. Most modern medical displays are flat screens; some of the detectors are flat panel."