Radiopaedia Helpers

Citation Preceding Space

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"Endothelial dysfunction is a condition characterised by an impairment in the endothelium’s vasodilatory capacity due to an abnormal response to physiological stimuli that regulate vascular tone, inflammation, permeability, and thrombosis. This dysfunction contributes to the progression of atherosclerotic disease, vasospasm, and microvascular dysfunction¹."

Line 1:376 · Citations must have a preceding space, e.g. needs evidence 2. '1'

"Another invasive option includes the use of intravascular ultrasound or strain-gauge plethysmography in combination with intra-arterial administration of vasoactive agents. These methods allow the evaluation of endothelial responses in resistance vessels but remain mainly confined to research settings due to their invasiveness³."

Line 12:332 · Citations must have a preceding space, e.g. needs evidence 2. '3'

"Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (IMT): An increased IMT in the carotid arteries may reflect endothelial damage and serves as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis⁵."

Line 91:167 · Citations must have a preceding space, e.g. needs evidence 2. '5'

"Management of endothelial dysfunction focuses on addressing underlying risk factors and implementing targeted pharmacological strategies¹:"

Line 97:140 · Citations must have a preceding space, e.g. needs evidence 2. '1'

List Punctuation

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"higher incidence in women, especially those with cardiac syndrome X or angina without obstructive coronary disease."

Line 5:115 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"exercise intolerance, particularly in women with angiographically normal coronary arteries."

Line 21:90 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

Citation Syntax

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"proven myocardial ischaemia in approximately 50-70% of women and 30-50% of men are attributed to endothelial dysfunction without significant coronary obstruction ^2-3"

Line 6:177 · Citations are separated by commas, except when the range is over 2.

En Dash

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"Among non-invasive approaches, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery Doppler assessment is the most commonly used. It measures arterial diameter changes after transient occlusion-induced hyperaemia, reflecting nitric oxide–dependent endothelial function. Although widely applied, FMD requires trained personnel and can be subject to technical and biological variability."

Line 14:247 · Use a hyphen-minus ('-') instead of an en-dash ('–').

Headings Case

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"Invasive Techniques"

Line 10:5 · 'Invasive Techniques' should use sentence-style capitalization.

"Non-Invasive Techniques"

Line 13:5 · 'Non-Invasive Techniques' should use sentence-style capitalization.

"Neurological Diseases"

Line 67:5 · 'Neurological Diseases' should use sentence-style capitalization.

"Pulmonary Diseases"

Line 72:5 · 'Pulmonary Diseases' should use sentence-style capitalization.

"Renal Disorders"

Line 78:5 · 'Renal Disorders' should use sentence-style capitalization.

"Sexual Dysfunction"

Line 85:5 · 'Sexual Dysfunction' should use sentence-style capitalization.

"Lifestyle Modifications"

Line 98:5 · 'Lifestyle Modifications' should use sentence-style capitalization.

Acronyms

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"Endothelial dysfunction is a functional impairment of the vascular endothelium characterised by reduced vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antioxidant activity. It arises from a disruption in the balance between vasodilators (primarily nitric oxide, NO) and vasoconstrictors (such as endothelin-1 and angiotensin II), leading to vascular homoeostasis breakdown. Below are the major underlying mechanisms ⁴:"

Line 30:272 · 'NO' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"ACE inhibitors: promote vasodilation and reduce blood pressure; beneficial for endothelial health"

Line 111:8 · 'ACE' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs): offer similar vascular protective effects as ACE inhibitors"

Line 112:94 · 'ACE' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

List Caps

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"Pulmonary hypertension"

Line 74:11 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

Strong

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"Brachial artery Doppler assessment for detecting endothelial dysfunction flow-mediated dilation (FMD): assesses the vasodilatory capacity of the brachial artery in response to reactive hyperaemia; a diminished response indicates endothelial dysfunction"

Line 90:83 · Generally, don't use bold in text: ' flow-mediated dilation (FMD): assesses the vasodilatory capacity of the brachial artery in response to reactive hyperaemia; a diminished response indicates endothelial dysfunction'

Colons

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"statins: Improve endothelial function and reduce vascular inflammation"

Line 110:15 · The first word after a colon should almost always be lowercase. In this case, it's not: ': Improve endothelial'.

Headings Valid

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Expected headings

H1 Terminology
H1 Usage
H1 Epidemiology
H2 Risk factors
H2 Associations
H1 Clinical presentation
H2 Complications
H1 Diagnosis
H2 Diagnostic criteria
H2 Diagnostic clues
H1 Pathology
H2 Aetiology
H2 Location
H2 Classification
H2 Macroscopic appearance
H2 Microscopic appearance
H2 Immunophenotype
H2 Markers
H2 Genetics
H1 Radiographic features
H2 Plain radiograph
H2 Mammography
H2 Antenatal ultrasound
H2 Transoesophageal echocardiography
H2 Ultrasound
H2 CT
H3 Dual-energy CT
H2 Angiography (DSA)
H2 MRI
H2 CT/MRI
H2 Nuclear medicine
H3 PET-CT
H3 PET-MRI
H1 Radiology report
H1 Treatment and prognosis
H2 Complications
H1 History and etymology
H1 Differential diagnosis
H2 Clinical differential diagnosis
H1 Practical points
H1 See also

"Invasive Techniques"

Line 10:1 · "Invasive Techniques" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Non-Invasive Techniques"

Line 13:1 · "Non-Invasive Techniques" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Associations"

Line 40:1 · "Associations" is under the wrong parent heading (found under "Pathology").

"Cardiovascular diseases"

Line 43:1 · "Cardiovascular diseases" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Metabolic diseases"

Line 52:1 · "Metabolic diseases" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases"

Line 59:1 · "Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Neurological Diseases"

Line 67:1 · "Neurological Diseases" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Pulmonary Diseases"

Line 72:1 · "Pulmonary Diseases" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Renal Disorders"

Line 78:1 · "Renal Disorders" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Cancer"

Line 83:1 · "Cancer" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Sexual Dysfunction"

Line 85:1 · "Sexual Dysfunction" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Lifestyle Modifications"

Line 98:1 · "Lifestyle Modifications" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

Semicolons

suggestion

"Brachial artery Doppler assessment for detecting endothelial dysfunction flow-mediated dilation (FMD): assesses the vasodilatory capacity of the brachial artery in response to reactive hyperaemia; a diminished response indicates endothelial dysfunction"

Line 90:223 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"ACE inhibitors: promote vasodilation and reduce blood pressure; beneficial for endothelial health"

Line 111:70 · Use semicolons judiciously.

Lint: endothelial-dysfunction