"Post-surgical relapse is common, especially if antifungal therapy is not established 5."
"Granulomatous invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is usually confirmed on the basis of clinical and histopathologic findings where there is non-caseating granuloma formation and fibrosis. It is usually caused by Aspergillus flavus."
"sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma: often similar in appearance should always be considered in sinonasal malignancy"
"sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma: mostly affects maxillary sinus and nasal cavity; very high propensity for perineural tumour spread"
"sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC): mostly affects ethmoid and nasal cavity; early nodal metastases"
"sinonasal lymphoma: mainly affects paranasal sinuses and simulates benignity, with frequent bone remodelling more than destruction; homogeneous contrast-enhancement with homogeneous diffusion restriction, with scarce or no necrosis, are characteristic"
"sinonasal melanoma: mainly affects the inferior nasal fossa; lesions are characteristically hypervascular and haemorrhagic; can sometimes simulate benignancy, with frequent bone remodelling instead of destruction; if the tumour is the melanotic subtype, they can have a slight characteristic T1 hyperintensity"
"There is scarce evidence regarding optimal management and follow up in the literature. However, generally initial conservative surgical excision of the mass is generally indicated, followed by medical treatment with antifungal agents (itraconazole/voriconazole), which appear to decrease the degree of disease relapse."
"sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma: mostly affects maxillary sinus and nasal cavity; very high propensity for perineural tumour spread"
"sinonasal adenocarcinoma: more aggressive, heterogeneous enhancement pattern; classically described in wood-workers (intestinal subtype)"
"sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC): mostly affects ethmoid and nasal cavity; early nodal metastases"
"sinonasal lymphoma: mainly affects paranasal sinuses and simulates benignity, with frequent bone remodelling more than destruction; homogeneous contrast-enhancement with homogeneous diffusion restriction, with scarce or no necrosis, are characteristic"
"sinonasal melanoma: mainly affects the inferior nasal fossa; lesions are characteristically hypervascular and haemorrhagic; can sometimes simulate benignancy, with frequent bone remodelling instead of destruction; if the tumour is the melanotic subtype, they can have a slight characteristic T1 hyperintensity"
"sinonasal melanoma: mainly affects the inferior nasal fossa; lesions are characteristically hypervascular and haemorrhagic; can sometimes simulate benignancy, with frequent bone remodelling instead of destruction; if the tumour is the melanotic subtype, they can have a slight characteristic T1 hyperintensity"
"sinonasal melanoma: mainly affects the inferior nasal fossa; lesions are characteristically hypervascular and haemorrhagic; can sometimes simulate benignancy, with frequent bone remodelling instead of destruction; if the tumour is the melanotic subtype, they can have a slight characteristic T1 hyperintensity"
"esthesioneuroblastoma: centred on the cribriform plate, with characteristic dumbbell shape affecting ethmoid sinuses inferiorly and invading anterior cranial fossa superiorly; often show adjacent bone hyperostosis, bone remodelling and nasal cavity expansion; intracranial tumour-margins often show characteristic peripheral T2-hyperintense cysts"
"esthesioneuroblastoma: centred on the cribriform plate, with characteristic dumbbell shape affecting ethmoid sinuses inferiorly and invading anterior cranial fossa superiorly; often show adjacent bone hyperostosis, bone remodelling and nasal cavity expansion; intracranial tumour-margins often show characteristic peripheral T2-hyperintense cysts"