"NB: Post-radiotherapy fibrosis can mimic residual tumour on CT 3."
"Post-radiotherapy fibrosis can be distinguished from a recurrent or a residual tumour on MR if the fibrosis is mature. In such cases, fibrotic scarring is of low signal intensity on T2 and does not demonstrate enhancement. Early fibrotic change cannot be distinguished from a residual/recurrent tumour, as both may be hyperintense on T2 and demonstrate enhancement 3."
"T1: typically isointense to muscle"
"NB: Post-radiotherapy fibrosis can mimic residual tumour on CT 3."
"The differential for a small mass confined to the mucosal space includes:"
"The differential for a larger mass with involvement of base of skull includes all of the above, with the addition of the following:"
Expected headings
"Staging"
"Complications"
"Early, but often overlooked, symptoms include nasal obstruction, epistaxis, or conductive hearing loss due to Eustachian tube obstruction and the development of a middle ear effusion. As such, presentation is often delayed until more sinister signs are evident, including nodal masses in the neck (most common), cranial nerve palsies, tinnitus, headache, or diplopia and proptosis 1,2. The clinical triad of unilateral conductive hearing loss, trigeminal neuralgia, and soft palate immobility is known as Trotter syndrome, which occurs in the advanced stage of the disease 14."
"Larger, more aggressive tumours may extend in any direction, eroding the base of the skull and passing via the Eustachian tube, foramen lacerum, foramen ovale, or directly through the bone into the clivus, cavernous sinus and temporal bone. In such cases, the bone has irregular margins where it has been destroyed, characteristic of aggressive processes."