"type 3: acute occlusion(s) of digital arteries together with other normal, narrowed, or occluded arteries"
"Raynaud phenomenon most commonly affects the fingers, but can also affect the toes, knees, nipples (especially during breastfeeding), tips of the ears, nose or tongue, and rarely, the penis 1-3,16,17. It is characterised by sudden episodes of vasoconstriction followed by reperfusion, usually in response to cold temperatures or emotional stress, causing classic colour changes in the involved extremities 1-3."
"Patient education is the cornerstone of management, with patients advised to avoid cold exposure, maintain warmth of the whole body (i.e. not just wearing gloves and socks), cease smoking, avoid sympathomimetic medications, and avoid emotional stress where possible 1,3."
"Raynaud phenomenon most commonly affects the fingers, but can also affect the toes, knees, nipples (especially during breastfeeding), tips of the ears, nose or tongue, and rarely, the penis 1-3,16,17. It is characterised by sudden episodes of vasoconstriction followed by reperfusion, usually in response to cold temperatures or emotional stress, causing classic colour changes in the involved extremities 1-3."
"connective tissue disorders, vasculitides or other inflammatory disorders: e.g. systemic sclerosis (including CREST syndrome), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Buerger disease, anti-synthetase syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome"
"Clinically, the fingers (or other extremities) suddenly become cold and pale ('white'), later develop cyanosis ('blue'), and then become erythematous ('red') 1-3. These episodes tend to last up to 20 minutes in duration and often start with one digit before symmetrically involving other digits 1. Interestingly, involvement of the thumb is more suggestive of secondary Raynaud phenomenon 4."
"There are a large number of conditions potentially underlying secondary Raynaud phenomenon, such as 1,12,13:"
"There are numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological options available to patients with Raynaud phenomenon 1,3."
"DSA is considered the gold-standard imaging modality for visualisation of extremity vessels in Raynaud phenomenon due to its high spatial and temporal resolution; however, it is rarely performed 8,9. Classically, and similarly to MR angiography, DSA reveals narrowing, tapering, or occlusion of affected digital vessels 8,9."