"imaging features suggestive of the diagnosis include an apical wall thickness ≥15 mm and a ratio of apical to basal wall thickness > 1.5"
"characterised by systolic dysfunction (LV-EF < 50%)"
"septal to inferolateral wall thickness ratio > 1.3"
"any myocardial segment with an unexplained wall thickness > 15 mm"
"a peak gradient (4 x peak velocity 2) of < 30 mmHg is unlikely to be hemodynamically significant"
"septal and other segments hypertrophy but sparing the apex ~ 16%"
"apical segments along with any other segment hypertrophy ~ 27%"
"apical hypertrophy alone ~ 13%"
"sigmoid septal hypertrophy14"
"The electrocardiogram is abnormal in over 95% of cases; the most common abnormalities include high precordial QRS voltages, secondary repolarisation abnormalities (ST-segment depression, T wave inversion), left axis deviation, and deep, narrow so-called "needle-like" Q waves, typically in leads I, L, V5 and V6."
"The electrocardiogram is abnormal in over 95% of cases; the most common abnormalities include high precordial QRS voltages, secondary repolarisation abnormalities (ST-segment depression, T wave inversion), left axis deviation, and deep, narrow so-called "needle-like" Q waves, typically in leads I, L, V5 and V6."
"MYBPC3 (myosin binding protein): 30%-40%, chromosome 11"
"MYH7 (myosin heavy chain): 20%-30%, chromosome 14"
"TNNT2 (cardiac muscle troponin): ~10%, chromosome 1"
"TNNI3 (troponin I type 3): ~7%, chromosome 19"
"MYL2 (myosin light chain 2): ~4%, chromosome 12"
"MYL3 (myosin light chain 3): ~2%, chromosome 3"
"TPM1 (tropomyosin 1): ~1%, chromosome 15"
Expected headings
"Subtypes"
"Associations"
"Echocardiography"
"Doppler echocardiography"
"Prognosis"
"There is a slight male prevalence, and it is present in 1 out of 500 in the general population, probably remaining undiagnosed and asymptomatic in the majority of affected individuals 15."
"The electrocardiogram is abnormal in over 95% of cases; the most common abnormalities include high precordial QRS voltages, secondary repolarisation abnormalities (ST-segment depression, T wave inversion), left axis deviation, and deep, narrow so-called "needle-like" Q waves, typically in leads I, L, V5 and V6."
"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterised by left ventricular hypertrophy (wall thickness >12-15 mm; normal wall thickness is 12 mm or less, measured during diastole) without obvious aetiology. Associated right ventricular hypertrophy may be seen in 15-17% of cases."
"second most common variant; characterised by diffuse left ventricular wall thickening with an associated decrease in left ventricular cavity size"
"LVOT obstruction is present in 70% of cases 12; it is defined as a gradient >30 mmHg"
"The electrocardiogram is abnormal in over 95% of cases; the most common abnormalities include high precordial QRS voltages, secondary repolarisation abnormalities (ST-segment depression, T wave inversion), left axis deviation, and deep, narrow so-called "needle-like" Q waves, typically in leads I, L, V5 and V6."
"The electrocardiogram is abnormal in over 95% of cases; the most common abnormalities include high precordial QRS voltages, secondary repolarisation abnormalities (ST-segment depression, T wave inversion), left axis deviation, and deep, narrow so-called "needle-like" Q waves, typically in leads I, L, V5 and V6."
"Spectral Doppler modalities are useful in the evaluation of the type, severity and anatomic location of obstruction:"
"morphologic variations involving the mitral valvular apparatus (e.g. papillary muscles)"
"avoidance of factors exacerbating the degree of obstruction such as intense exercise, hypovolaemia, and certain medications (e.g. vasodilators, positive inotropes)"
"While the majority of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have a normal life expectancy, significant morbidity and mortality may occur secondary to heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Mortality typically occurs from ventricular dysrhythmias (e.g. ventricular fibrillation)."
"echocardiographic features may include valvular structural abnormalities (e.g. calcification, decreased leaflet mobility), pulsed wave Doppler localising obstruction to the valve, and a continuous wave Doppler envelope consistent with fixed obstruction (parabolic rise with an earlier peak)"
"patients with (or at high risk of) ventricular dysrhythmias and the attendant risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) may be managed with pharmacologic (i.e. anti-arrhythmic medications) measures or placement of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) 20"