Radiopaedia Helpers

Adjectival Hyphens

error

"in COVID-19 cohorts, pulmonary artery filling defects were identified in approximately 36% of patients undergoing CTPA, far exceeding the pre-pandemic yield of 12–17%^4,6"

Line 7:153 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'pre-pandemic'.

"retrospective imaging reviews of post-radiation therapy patients identified in situ thrombosis in cohorts where PE had not been formally suspected⁷"

Line 8:44 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-radiation'.

"haemoptysis (particularly in post-radiation or aspergillosis-associated cases)⁷"

Line 27:44 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-radiation'.

"There is no validated clinical decision rule that reliably distinguishes ISPAT from thromboembolic PE pre-imaging¹. Contextual clues suggesting ISPAT over PE include:"

Line 30:106 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'pre-imaging'.

"post-pneumonectomy pulmonary artery stump thrombosis⁴"

Line 77:8 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-pneumonectomy'.

"radiation therapy (RT) to the thorax: particularly in lung cancer and mesothelioma; thrombosis may develop months to years post-RT⁷"

Line 81:131 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-RT'.

"response to anticoagulation may be incomplete: cases of persistent thrombus despite adequate therapy have been documented, particularly post-RT and post-lobectomy⁷"

Line 118:144 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-RT'.

"response to anticoagulation may be incomplete: cases of persistent thrombus despite adequate therapy have been documented, particularly post-RT and post-lobectomy⁷"

Line 118:156 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-lobectomy'.

"post-radiation ISPAT: often indolent course; thrombus may be stable or slowly progressive over months to years; haemodynamic impact is typically limited⁷"

Line 134:8 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-radiation'.

"chronic thromboembolic PE / CTEPH: organised, eccentric thrombus; mosaic attenuation; dilated bronchial arteries; pulmonary artery webs and bands; post-obstructive changes¹"

Line 142:169 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'post-obstructive'.

En Dash

error

"in COVID-19 cohorts, pulmonary artery filling defects were identified in approximately 36% of patients undergoing CTPA, far exceeding the pre-pandemic yield of 12–17%^4,6"

Line 7:177 · Use a hyphen-minus ('-') instead of an en-dash ('–').

Acronyms

warning

"clinical context: active infection, inflammatory state, prior RT, structural cardiac/pulmonary disease⁴"

Line 16:70 · 'RT' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"underlying severe PAH or congenital cardiac disease^3,10"

Line 36:29 · 'PAH' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"SARS-CoV-2 directly infects pulmonary vascular endothelium, triggering cytokine release and increased capillary permeability⁵"

Line 53:8 · 'SARS' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"Histopathological analyses confirm pulmonary immunothrombosis in over 90% of severe COVID-19 cases, independent of disease duration and substantially more prevalent than in influenza. It is distinct from overt disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and has been termed ‘pulmonary immunocoagulopathy’ (PIC)⁶."

Line 58:311 · 'PIC' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): the most extensively studied association; immunothrombosis is the dominant mechanism^5,6"

Line 63:18 · 'SARS' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"COVID-19: therapeutic anticoagulation was the subject of multiple RCTs (RECOVERY, MICHELLE trial; Lancet 2022), with evolving recommendations stratified by disease severity⁹"

Line 124:87 · 'RECOVERY' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"Reserved for haemodynamically significant cases; evidence base is drawn from submassive/massive PE literature. ISPAT typically presents with lower clot burden and lower RV strain, making aggressive intervention less frequently required^1,4."

Line 129:173 · 'RV' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

Headings Valid

warning

Expected headings

H1 Terminology
H1 Usage
H1 Epidemiology
H2 Risk factors
H2 Associations
H1 Clinical presentation
H2 Complications
H1 Diagnosis
H2 Diagnostic criteria
H2 Diagnostic clues
H1 Pathology
H2 Aetiology
H2 Location
H2 Classification
H2 Macroscopic appearance
H2 Microscopic appearance
H2 Immunophenotype
H2 Markers
H2 Genetics
H1 Radiographic features
H2 Plain radiograph
H2 Mammography
H2 Antenatal ultrasound
H2 Transoesophageal echocardiography
H2 Ultrasound
H2 CT
H3 Dual-energy CT
H2 Angiography (DSA)
H2 MRI
H2 CT/MRI
H2 Nuclear medicine
H3 PET-CT
H3 PET-MRI
H1 Radiology report
H1 Treatment and prognosis
H2 Complications
H1 History and etymology
H1 Differential diagnosis
H2 Clinical differential diagnosis
H1 Practical points
H1 See also

"Blood stasis"

Line 40:1 · "Blood stasis" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Endothelial dysfunction"

Line 42:1 · "Endothelial dysfunction" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Immunothrombosis"

Line 50:1 · "Immunothrombosis" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Inflammatory and infectious"

Line 61:1 · "Inflammatory and infectious" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Haematological"

Line 67:1 · "Haematological" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Structural and mechanical"

Line 72:1 · "Structural and mechanical" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Iatrogenic and acquired"

Line 79:1 · "Iatrogenic and acquired" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Parenchymal lung disease"

Line 84:1 · "Parenchymal lung disease" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Trauma"

Line 90:1 · "Trauma" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Echocardiography"

Line 111:1 · "Echocardiography" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Anticoagulation"

Line 115:1 · "Anticoagulation" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Treatment of underlying condition"

Line 121:1 · "Treatment of underlying condition" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Immunomodulation"

Line 126:1 · "Immunomodulation" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Thrombolysis and thrombectomy"

Line 128:1 · "Thrombolysis and thrombectomy" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Prognosis"

Line 130:1 · "Prognosis" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

Recency

suggestion

"Key diagnostic point: there is currently no gold standard diagnostic test for ISPAT. The diagnosis is established by integrating clinical context, cross-sectional imaging, and exclusion of a peripheral DVT source ^1,4:"

Line 12:36 · Avoid describing evidence as recent; give a date instead: 'currently'.

"elevated hemidiaphragm: a recently described association²"

Line 88:41 · Avoid describing evidence as recent; give a date instead: 'recently described'.

There Is

suggestion

"There is no validated clinical decision rule that reliably distinguishes ISPAT from thromboembolic PE pre-imaging¹. Contextual clues suggesting ISPAT over PE include:"

Line 30:4 · Don't start a sentence with 'There is'.

Semicolons

suggestion

"COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): the most extensively studied association; immunothrombosis is the dominant mechanism^5,6"

Line 63:71 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"sickle cell disease: particularly during acute chest syndrome (ACS); associated with elevated platelet counts and lower haemolysis rates⁴"

Line 69:89 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"Eisenmenger syndrome: a well-recognised cause of proximal pulmonary artery thrombosis; biventricular dysfunction, shear stress and slow flow create conditions for in situ clot formation in the central pulmonary arteries, distinct from peripheral embolic disease¹⁰"

Line 75:100 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"radiation therapy (RT) to the thorax: particularly in lung cancer and mesothelioma; thrombosis may develop months to years post-RT⁷"

Line 81:90 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"non-specific; chest radiograph may demonstrate underlying parenchymal disease (consolidation, atelectasis, fibrosis, radiation change) without specific features of ISPAT itself"

Line 94:24 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"V/Q scintigraphy may demonstrate matched or mismatched perfusion defects; not well-validated for distinguishing ISPAT from embolic PE in the current literature¹"

Line 108:84 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"emerging role in confirming LFSA: absence of the filling defect on MRI of the same territory supports stasis artifact rather than true thrombus; MR pulmonary angiography (MRPA) is not routinely used in acute assessment²"

Line 110:155 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"COVID-19: therapeutic anticoagulation was the subject of multiple RCTs (RECOVERY, MICHELLE trial; Lancet 2022), with evolving recommendations stratified by disease severity⁹"

Line 124:111 · Use semicolons judiciously.

Line 129:51 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"COVID-19-associated immunothrombosis: in-hospital mortality is driven predominantly by respiratory failure and multiorgan dysfunction; the contribution of ISPAT per se is difficult to isolate⁶"

Line 133:141 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"post-radiation ISPAT: often indolent course; thrombus may be stable or slowly progressive over months to years; haemodynamic impact is typically limited⁷"

Line 134:51 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"post-radiation ISPAT: often indolent course; thrombus may be stable or slowly progressive over months to years; haemodynamic impact is typically limited⁷"

Line 134:118 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"parenchymal lung disease: thrombus stability or resolution varies; anticoagulation response is inconsistent²"

Line 136:73 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"acute thromboembolic PE: DVT identified on lower-limb imaging; clot in non-diseased lung zones; higher clot burden; greater right ventricular strain; typically responds to anticoagulation^1,4"

Line 141:76 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"acute thromboembolic PE: DVT identified on lower-limb imaging; clot in non-diseased lung zones; higher clot burden; greater right ventricular strain; typically responds to anticoagulation^1,4"

Line 141:109 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"acute thromboembolic PE: DVT identified on lower-limb imaging; clot in non-diseased lung zones; higher clot burden; greater right ventricular strain; typically responds to anticoagulation^1,4"

Line 141:129 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"acute thromboembolic PE: DVT identified on lower-limb imaging; clot in non-diseased lung zones; higher clot burden; greater right ventricular strain; typically responds to anticoagulation^1,4"

Line 141:163 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"chronic thromboembolic PE / CTEPH: organised, eccentric thrombus; mosaic attenuation; dilated bronchial arteries; pulmonary artery webs and bands; post-obstructive changes¹"

Line 142:86 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"chronic thromboembolic PE / CTEPH: organised, eccentric thrombus; mosaic attenuation; dilated bronchial arteries; pulmonary artery webs and bands; post-obstructive changes¹"

Line 142:106 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"chronic thromboembolic PE / CTEPH: organised, eccentric thrombus; mosaic attenuation; dilated bronchial arteries; pulmonary artery webs and bands; post-obstructive changes¹"

Line 142:134 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"chronic thromboembolic PE / CTEPH: organised, eccentric thrombus; mosaic attenuation; dilated bronchial arteries; pulmonary artery webs and bands; post-obstructive changes¹"

Line 142:167 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"low-flow stasis artifact (LFSA): absent on MRI or abdominal CT of same territory; no true thrombus present; conservative management appropriate. Differentiation from true ISPAT may be clinically important²"

Line 143:95 · Use semicolons judiciously.

Line 143:121 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"tumour-related occlusion: primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery (rare); enhancing intraluminal mass; associated mediastinal invasion"

Line 144:87 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"tumour-related occlusion: primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery (rare); enhancing intraluminal mass; associated mediastinal invasion"

Line 144:116 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"pulmonary artery vasculitis: elevated systemic inflammatory markers; associated systemic vasculitis features; vessel wall thickening on cross-sectional imaging"

Line 145:82 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"pulmonary artery vasculitis: elevated systemic inflammatory markers; associated systemic vasculitis features; vessel wall thickening on cross-sectional imaging"

Line 145:123 · Use semicolons judiciously.

Links

pulmonary-embolism