"Fluoroscopy is the mainstay of imaging assessment but manometry can help evaluate the oesophageal motor pattern and lower oesophageal sphincter function 1."
"Structural causes "
"barium swallow/oesophagography: provides anatomic and functional information about the pharynx, oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction, and gastric cardia, including evaluation of oesophageal motility and assessment for gastrooesophageal reflux"
"barium tablet: may be used to detect subtle areas of oesophageal narrowing 5"
"Dysphagia can be caused by functional or structural abnormalities of the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, and/or gastric cardia."
"oesophageal diverticula, e.g. Zenker, Killian-Jamieson, and epiphrenic diverticula"
"Barrett oesophagus occurs often as a consequence of GORD in the mid-to-upper oesophagus"
"Barrett oesophagus occurs often as a consequence of GORD in the mid-to-upper oesophagus"
Expected headings
"Oropharyngeal dysphagia"
"Functional causes"
"Structural causes"
"Substernal dysphagia"
"Functional causes"
"Structural causes "
"Fluoroscopy"
"impacted foreign body or food bolus in the oesophagus; water-soluble contrast should be used for increased risk of perforation"
"the tablet (of known 12.5 mm diameter) should be swallowed with a small amount of water and passage is observed at fluoroscopy; if the tablet becomes lodged in a particular location the patient should swallow a small amount of additional water and if the tablet remains lodged, a more detailed assessment should be performed"