"While ADEM is typically monophasic, up to 10% of patients may experience relapse with a second ADEM attack 19,20. These patients are described as having multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis (MDEM) 19. Further relapses beyond this are not consistent with ADEM/MDEM, and are invariably due to another underlying relapsing neuroinflammatory condition such as paediatric multiple sclerosis (MS), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) 19."
"Marburg variant"
"Balo concentric sclerosis"
"Schilder variant"
"CLIPPERS/SLIPPERS"
"While ADEM is typically monophasic, up to 10% of patients may experience relapse with a second ADEM attack 19,20. These patients are described as having multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis (MDEM) 19. Further relapses beyond this are not consistent with ADEM/MDEM, and are invariably due to another underlying relapsing neuroinflammatory condition such as paediatric multiple sclerosis (MS), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) 19."
"Unlike multiple sclerosis, symptoms are more systemic rather than focal and include encephalopathy, decreased level of consciousness (varying from lethargy to coma), fever, headache, seizures, and multifocal neurologic deficits including hemiparesis, cranial nerve palsies, ataxia, and movement disorders 20. Behavioural changes including depression, delusions, and psychosis may dominate the symptoms 3."
"T2/FLAIR: regions of high signal, with surrounding oedema typically situated in subcortical locations; the thalami and brainstem can also be involved"
"T1 C+ (Gd): punctate, ring, or arc enhancement (open ring sign) is often demonstrated along the leading edge of inflammation; absence of enhancement does not exclude the diagnosis"
"DWI: there can be peripherally restricted diffusion; the centre of the lesion, although high on T2 and low on T1, lacks increased restriction on DWI (cf. cerebral abscess), nor does it demonstrate absent signal on DWI as one would expect from a cyst; this is due to increase in extracellular water in the region of demyelination"
"DWI: there can be peripherally restricted diffusion; the centre of the lesion, although high on T2 and low on T1, lacks increased restriction on DWI (cf. cerebral abscess), nor does it demonstrate absent signal on DWI as one would expect from a cyst; this is due to increase in extracellular water in the region of demyelination"