"complex relationship – CLOCCs seen in a variety of settings:"
"DWI/ADC: restricted diffusion (ADC typically 300–500 x 10-6 mm2/s)"
"T1: hypointense"
"T2: hyperintense"
"DWI/ADC: restricted diffusion (ADC typically 300–500 x 10-6 mm2/s)"
"T1 C+ (Gd): no enhancement"
"DWI/ADC: restricted diffusion (ADC typically 300–500 x 10-6 mm2/s)"
"DWI/ADC: restricted diffusion (ADC typically 300–500 x 10-6 mm2/s)"
"Post-hydrocephalus corpus callosum damage"
"The term cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) has been proposed 12 as a more precise description of this phenomenon, which has previously been known by a variety of terms including transient lesions of the splenium of the corpus callosum, reversible splenial lesions and reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES). CLOCCs not only better reflect understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of these lesions but also do not explicitly imply that these lesions are confined to the splenium. As such, it is probably a better term."
"The term cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) has been proposed 12 as a more precise description of this phenomenon, which has previously been known by a variety of terms including transient lesions of the splenium of the corpus callosum, reversible splenial lesions and reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES). CLOCCs not only better reflect understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of these lesions but also do not explicitly imply that these lesions are confined to the splenium. As such, it is probably a better term."
"The term cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs) has been proposed 12 as a more precise description of this phenomenon, which has previously been known by a variety of terms including transient lesions of the splenium of the corpus callosum, reversible splenial lesions and reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES). CLOCCs not only better reflect understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of these lesions but also do not explicitly imply that these lesions are confined to the splenium. As such, it is probably a better term."
"Although numerous underlying aetiologies have been identified, these lesions appear to result from a stereotyped cascade of cytokines and stimulated cells. An initial insult results in macrophages releasing inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6), which in turn leads to a cascade of changes including recruitment of T-cells, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, production of TNF-α, and activation of astrocytes. The end result is a massive increase in extracellular glutamate, which, via interactions with a number of cell membrane receptors, results in an influx of water into both astrocytes and neurones, manifesting macroscopically as cytotoxic oedema 12."
"viral (e.g. influenza, measles, herpes, mumps, adenovirus, varicella zoster, rotavirus, SARS-CoV-2)"
"electrolyte imbalance (e.g. hyperammonaemia, hyper- and hyponatraemia)"
"Wernicke encephalopathy"
"Post-hydrocephalus corpus callosum damage"
"Clinical presentation relates to the underlying pathology (see below) rather than to the callosal lesion itself. Unlike many other lesions of the corpus callosum, CLOCCs do not demonstrate convincing signs or symptoms of hemispheric disconnection, such as pseudoneglect, alien hand syndrome, apraxia of the left hand, agraphia, alexia, and visual apraxias 4."
"viral (e.g. influenza, measles, herpes, mumps, adenovirus, varicella zoster, rotavirus, SARS-CoV-2)"
"electrolyte imbalance (e.g. hyperammonaemia, hyper- and hyponatraemia)"
"osmotic demyelination (e.g. extrapontine myelinolysis 10-12)"
"viral (e.g. influenza, measles, herpes, mumps, adenovirus, varicella zoster, rotavirus, SARS-CoV-2)"
"bacterial (e.g. Salmonella, Legionnaires' disease)"
"mycobacterial (e.g. tuberculous meningitis)"
"antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline)"
"antiseizure medications (e.g. carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin)"
"antipsychotics (e.g. clozapine)"
"chemotherapy (e.g. ciclosporin, fluorouracil)"
"pesticide (e.g. methyl bromide)"
"infarction (e.g. pericallosal artery occlusion)"
"tumours (e.g. diffuse glioma, lymphoma)"
"reported in a wide range of cerebral infections, including cerebral abscess, encephalitis, meningitis, and acute cerebellitis 4; some of these entities can be described as causing mild encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS)"