"cells with H3.3 p.Gly34 mutation"
"Giant cell tumours of bone show pathogenic mutations in H3-3A (H3F3A); approximately 90% are H3.3 p.Gly34Trp and the remainder are predominantly H3.3 p.Gly34Leu, with rare other variants 1,9."
"Giant cell tumours of bone show pathogenic mutations in H3-3A (H3F3A); approximately 90% are H3.3 p.Gly34Trp and the remainder are predominantly H3.3 p.Gly34Leu, with rare other variants 1,9."
"Giant cell tumours of bone show pathogenic mutations in H3-3A (H3F3A); approximately 90% are H3.3 p.Gly34Trp and the remainder are predominantly H3.3 p.Gly34Leu, with rare other variants 1,9."
"T2: heterogeneous high signal with areas of low signal intensity due to haemosiderin or fibrosis 12"
"T1 C+ (Gd): solid components will enhance"
"GCT accounts for the 'G' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone lesions FEGNOMASHIC."
"Giant cell tumours are locally aggressive and rarely metastasising neoplasms often found eccentrically located at the end of long bones affecting the metaphysis and epiphysis 1. The origin is thought to be the metaphyseal side of the growth plate since rare tumours in skeletally immature patients are found in a metadiaphysial location, and the growth plate and the open growth plate present a barrier to tumour growth 5. They consist of neoplastic mononuclear stromal cells and numerous non-neoplastic osteoclast-like giant cells. This is believed to result from an over-expression of the RANK/RANKL signalling pathway by neoplastic mononuclear stromal cells, with resultant hyperproliferation of osteoclasts 7-9."
"Giant cell tumours are locally aggressive and rarely metastasising neoplasms often found eccentrically located at the end of long bones affecting the metaphysis and epiphysis 1. The origin is thought to be the metaphyseal side of the growth plate since rare tumours in skeletally immature patients are found in a metadiaphysial location, and the growth plate and the open growth plate present a barrier to tumour growth 5. They consist of neoplastic mononuclear stromal cells and numerous non-neoplastic osteoclast-like giant cells. This is believed to result from an over-expression of the RANK/RANKL signalling pathway by neoplastic mononuclear stromal cells, with resultant hyperproliferation of osteoclasts 7-9."
"On CT and MRI, the lesion can be categorised as Bone-RADS 4 unless histology has already been obtained 11."
"It is important to realise that features may be difficult to interpret histologically with a relatively wide histological differential diagnosis (e.g. giant cell reparative granuloma, brown tumour, osteoblastoma, chondroblastoma, non-ossifying fibroma, and even osteosarcoma with abundant giant cells) 5, thus rendering radiology indispensable to the interpretation of these lesions."
Expected headings
"Associations"
"Subtypes"
"Signal characteristics"
"Bone scintigraphy"
"They almost invariably (97-99%) occur when the growth plate has closed and are therefore typically seen in early adulthood. 80% of cases are reported between the ages of 20 and 50, with a peak incidence between 20 and 30 4,5. There is overall a mild female predilection, especially when located in the spine."
"There is a relatively wide differential similar to that of a lytic bone lesion:"
"The malignant tumour components do not display any specific features and can resemble those of undifferentiated sarcoma, fibrosarcoma or osteosarcoma 1."
"It is important to realise that features may be difficult to interpret histologically with a relatively wide histological differential diagnosis (e.g. giant cell reparative granuloma, brown tumour, osteoblastoma, chondroblastoma, non-ossifying fibroma, and even osteosarcoma with abundant giant cells) 5, thus rendering radiology indispensable to the interpretation of these lesions."
"Giant cell tumours of bone show pathogenic mutations in H3-3A (H3F3A); approximately 90% are H3.3 p.Gly34Trp and the remainder are predominantly H3.3 p.Gly34Leu, with rare other variants 1,9."
"aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC): younger age group, but may co-exist with giant cell tumour; fluid-fluid levels"
"History and etymology"