"Pathology "
"Radiographic features "
"Coronary CTA is a noninvasive alternative to coronary catheter angiography to help distinguish ischaemic and nonischemic aetiologies of heart failure. Cardiac CT can also evaluate the left ventricular function and regional wall motion to corroborate findings on echocardiography."
"Cardiac biomarkers such as NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) and BNP are usually abnormally elevated in heart failure. Levels are more elevated in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in particular as the left ventricular cavity enlarges, causing greater wall stress 4."
"Cardiac biomarkers such as NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) and BNP are usually abnormally elevated in heart failure. Levels are more elevated in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in particular as the left ventricular cavity enlarges, causing greater wall stress 4."
"Regarding device-based therapies, a cardiac implantable electronic device is indicated for certain eligible patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, consisting of either an implantable cardioverter defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization pacemaker 9. Additional interventions may include coronary artery revascularisation (surgical coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary stenting), valvular intervention (e.g. surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement for critical aortic stenosis, and surgical or transcatheter mitral valve repair for severe mitral regurgitation), or catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation 9,16."
Expected headings
"Pathology "
"Aetiology"
"Radiographic features "
"Plain radiograph"
"Ultrasound"
"CT"
"Angiography (DSA)"
"MRI"
"Nuclear medicine"
"Treatment and prognosis "
"renin-angiotensin system blocker: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (e.g. perindopril), angiotensin II receptor blocker (e.g. candesartan), or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (e.g. valsartan-sacubitril)"
"beta-blocker (e.g. bisoprolol, carvedilol, nebivolol, metoprolol succinate)"
"mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (e.g. spironolactone, eplerenone)"
"SGLT2 inhibitor (e.g. empagliflozin)"
"sinus node inhibitor (e.g. ivabradine)"